COAL Meta Fitri Rizkiana, S.T. , M.Sc.

NRP. 760017111

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WHAT IS COAL?
Coal is a product of plant remains. Thus geological conditions, earth’s pressure and
temperature, slowly brought about changes in the structure of the basic plant
molecules.
Coal not only serves as a source of power but also a store house of a number of
important chemicals.
Steel is the primary need of our modern day society which also heavily dependent
on coal for its production.
Coal available in open market is graded according to its quality and sizes.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen = elements in coal.
Composition of coal (e.g., volatile matter, fixed carbon, inherent moisture)
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LIMA KELAS BATUBARA
Antrasit adalah kelas batubara tertinggi, dengan warna hitam berkilauan (luster)
semi metalik, mengandung antara 92% - 98% unsur karbon (C) dengan kadar air
kurang dari 8%, sedikit porositas, reaktivitas rendah, volatile matter rendah.
Bituminus mengandung 65 – 85% unsur karbon (C) dan volatile matter 15 – 20%.
Semi-bituminus mengandung karbon (89 - 91%) dan volatile matter (hingga 16%)
Lignit atau batubara coklat adalah batubara yang sangat lunak yang mengandung
air 35-40% dan karbon 47% dari beratnya.
Gambut, berpori dan memiliki kadar air di atas 75% serta nilai kalori yang paling
rendah.

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COAL CARBONIZATION
When coal is thermally pyrolized or distilled by heating without contact with air, it is
converted into a variety of solid, liquid, and gaseous products.
The principal product by weight is coke. The products other than coke are known as
coal chemicals or by-product.
Low temperature carbonization = 450 – 700 Celcius
High temperature carbonization = above 900 Celsius
Thermal energy causes scission of hydroaromatic and aliphatic structure of coal from
its aromatic counterpart and the resultant breakdown products according to their
boiling range forms gas, liquor or tar.

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Step by step decomposition (pyrolysis of coal) :

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PRODUCT :
Coal Gas
Light Oil
Coal Tar
Coke (arang besi atau biasa disebut KOKAS)
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Coal Preparation Section
Crushing, reduce the overall size of the coal so that it can be more easily processed
and handled
Screening, to obtain the suitable size of the coal for use in the oven
Coke Oven
Coal carbonization takes place, for 17-18 hours, volatile matter of coal distills out as
coke oven gas (water vapor, H2,
CH4, N2, CO, CO2, etc)
Coke falls into a quenching car
The coke is quenched with water

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RAW COKE OVEN GAS SUITABLE FOR USE AS A
FUEL GAS
Cool the coke oven gas to condense out water vapor and contaminants
Remove tar aerosols to prevent gas line/equipment fouling
Remove ammonia to prevent gas line corrosion
Other duties may include:
Remove light oil for recovery and sale of benzene, toluene and xylene
Remove hydrogen sulfide to meet local emissions regulations governing the
combustion of coke oven gas.

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Raw coke oven gas flows into primary condenser (spray type cooler and the
horizontal tube type), the amount of flushing liquor sprayed into the hot gas leaving
the oven chambers is far more than is required for cooling.
The condensate collects in the primary cooler system and is discharged to the tar &
liquor plant.
The exhauster is a large blower that provides the motive force to induce the coke
oven gas to flow from the coke oven and through the by-product plant.
As the raw coke oven gas is cooled, tar forms aerosols which are carried along
with the gas flow.

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Because of the corrosive nature of ammonia, its removal is a priority in coke oven by-
product plants.
The removal of ammonia from coke oven gas has yielded one of the more profitable
by-products, that of ammonium sulfate. Contacting the coke oven gas with a solution
of sulfuric acid. This is then crystallized out, removed from the solution and dried for
sale typically as a fertilizer. Variations include the use of an absorber, in which the
sulfuric acid solution is sprayed into the gas, or the use of a saturator in which the gas
is bubbled through a bath of sulfuric acid solution.

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Final coolers typically cool the coke oven gas by direct contact with a cooling
medium, water or wash oil.
Light oil is a general term for a mixture of similar chemicals consisting mainly of
benzene, toluene and xylene.
Light oil is removed from coke oven gas using wash oil in a gas scrubbing vessel. This
can be sold for further refining offsite or it can be refined in the byproduct plant
using several distillation steps in the light oil plant.

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SYNTHESIS GAS (SYNGAS)
Modern processes have been developed to produce a CO-H2 mixture from coal and
steam.
Gasifikasi adalah proses konversi bahan bakar yang mengandung karbon (baik
padat maupun cair) menjadi gas yang memiliki nilai bakar dengan cara oksidasi
parsial pada temperatur tinggi. Gas yang dihasilkan pada gasifikasi disebut gas
produser yang kandungannya didominasi oleh gas CO, H2, dan CH4.

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GASIFIER

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ANY QUESTIONS?

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