Kingdom Plantae

Introduction
• Botany
• Importance of the Plant Kingdom
– It provides a majority of our food

– It provides a majority of our energy

– Plants produce some of our oxygen
– Plants provide a variety of products
– Plants are also important to us in a sort of
spiritual way, a source of beauty, comfort,
relaxation, etc…
Introduction
• Basic Plant Kingdom Information
– Cellular Structure
• Eukaryotic and Multicellular
• Cell walls are present made of cellulose
• Most have chlorophyll (green) and other pigments
within chloroplasts
• Carry out photosynthesis
• They are autotrophs
Introduction
• Basic Plant Kingdom Information (cont)

– Reproduction

• They reproduce sexually, though many also have

forms of asexual reproduction
Introduction
• Three Major Plant Groups

• The kingdom is currently divided into 10 phyla

– See Appendix D in Campbell/Reece text

• These 10 phyla can be placed into three major

groups
– Nonvascular plants
– Vascular plants without seeds
– Vascular plants with seeds
Introduction
• Three Major Plant Groups (cont)
– Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes)
• Lack vascular tissues
• There are currently three phyla in this group
– Phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts)
– Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
– Phylum Bryophyta (mosses)
Introduction
• Three Major Plant Groups (cont)
– Vascular plants without seeds
• A seed contains a young plant and stored food
inside a protective seed coat

• There are currently two phyla in this group:

– Phylum Lycophyta (lycophytes)
– Phylum Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)
Introduction
• Three Major Plant Groups (cont)
– Vascular plants with seeds (contains two sub-
groups)
• Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms)
– Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)
– Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads)
– Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)
– Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers)
• Flowering plants (Angiosperms)
– Phylum Anthophyta
Plant Classification
• Nonvascular Plants
– At one time all nonvascular plants were
classified in phylum bryophyta
– The word bryophyta means “moss plant”
– This group (nonvascular plants) contains the
mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and
hornworts (Anthocerophyta)
– Epiphytes
Mosses
Moss
Moss
Moss
Plant Classification
• Nonvascular Plants (cont)
• Life cycle of a moss:
– It illustrates “alternation of generations”
– The two generations (act of producing) are:
» Gametophyte generation - multicellular
haploid form that mitotically produces
haploid gametes that unite and grow into
the sporophyte generation
» Sporophyte generation – the multicellular
diplid form that results from a union of
gametes and that meiotically produces
haploid spores that grow into the
gametophyte generation
 Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum
moss (layer 3)
Raindrop
Key
Male
gametophyte Haploid (n)
Sperm Diploid (2n)
“Bud”

Page 581 Antheridia

Protonemata
“Bud”

Egg Gametophyte
Spores
Gametophore
Female Arcl
gametophyte egonia
Peristome
Rhizoid

Sporangium Seta FERTILIZATION

MEIOSIS Capsule (within archegonium)

(sporangium) Calyptra Zygote
Mature
Mature
sporophytes
sporophytes Embryo
Foot Sporophyte
Archegonium
Young
sporophytes
Female
Capsule with gametophytes
peristome (LM)
Antheridia
Archegonia
 Young
sporophyte
Plant Classification
• Nonvascular Plants (cont)

– Economic importance of the nonvascular

plants (bryophytes)???
Plant Classification
• Vascular Plants Without Seeds
– These are plants with vascular tissues
for transporting water and minerals
throughout the plant
– This group (vascular plants w/o seeds)
contains the lycophytes (Lycophyta), ferns,
horsetails, & whisk ferns (Pterophyta)
– Phylum Lycophyta (lycophytes)
– Phylum Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)
Lycophytes
(club mosses,
spike mosses,
quillworts)
Ferns (pterophytes – true ferns
?filicinophytes?)
Horsetails
(pterophytes
–
?sphenophytes?)
 Whisk ferns -
pterophytes
(?psilophytes?)

Whisk fern in San Fran

Psilotum nudum bearing sporangia

Plant Classification
• Vascular Plants Without Seeds (cont)
– They do not produce seeds, but rather
spores
– Spores are a single cell with a protective
coat
 • The life cycle of a fern
1 Sporangia release spores. 2 The fern spore 3 Although this illustration
Most fern species produce a single develops into a small, shows an egg and sperm
type of spore that gives rise to a photosynthetic gametophyte. from the same gametophyte,
Key bisexual gametophyte. a variety of mechanisms
Haploid (n) promote cross-fertilization
Diploid (2n) between gametophytes.
Antheridium
Page 585 Spore Young
gametophyte
MEIOSIS

Sporangium

Archegonium Sperm
Mature Egg
New
sporophyte Zygote
sporophyte
Sporangium
FERTILIZATION
Sorus

6 On the underside
of the sporophyte‘s 4 Fern sperm use flagella
reproductive leaves to swim from the antheridia
Gametophyte
are spots called sori. to eggs in the archegonia.
Each sorus is a
cluster of sporangia.
Fiddlehead 5 A zygote develops into a new
sporophyte, and the young plant
grows out from an archegonium
Figure 29.12 of its parent, the gametophyte.
Fern Antheridium
Fern Archegonium
Fern sori

 Fern
sporangia
Plant Classification
• Vascular Plants With Seeds
– Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms)
• The seeds of a gymnosperm are not
enclosed in an ovary
• They lie on tiny shelves

– Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)

– Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads)
– Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)
– Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers)
Plant Classification
• Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont)
– Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont)
• Phylum Coniferophyta

• Several families of conifers in this phylum

– Pine family: pines, cedars, spruces, furs
– Cypress family: cypresses & junipers
– Yew family: yews
– Redwood family: redwoods, sequoias, bald cypresses
(have needles instead of scales like the Cypress Family)
The Life Cycle of a Pine
Key
Haploid (n)
Ovule Diploid (2n)

Ovulate Megasporocyte (2n)

cone Integument
Longitudinal
section of Micropyle
Pollen ovulate cone
cone

Mature
Microsporocytes Megasporangium
Germinating
sporophyte (2n) pollen grain
Pollen
(2n) grains (n) MEIOSIS
(containing male
MEIOSIS gametophytes)

Longitudinal Surviving
section of Sporophyll megaspore (n)
pollen cone Microsporangium

Seedling Germinating
pollen grain

Archegonium
Egg (n) Integument
Female
Seeds on surface gametophyte
of ovulate scale
Germinating
pollen grain (n)

Food reserves Seed coat

(gametophyte (derived from
tissue) (n) Discharged
parent sperm nucleus (n)
sporophyte) (2n)
Pollen
tube

Embryo
FERTILIZATION
(new sporophyte) Egg nucleus (n)
(2n)
Figure 30.6
Plant Classification
• Vascular Plants With
Seeds (cont)
– Non-flowering plants
(Gymnosperms) (cont)
• Phylum Cycadophyta
(cycads)
– e.g., Sago palm – female
pic above right, see p.
594 for a great pic of a
male cycad
– About 130 species left
today…much more
diverse in the past
 Plant Classification
• Vascular Plants With Seeds
(cont)
– Non-flowering plants
(Gymnosperms) (cont)
• Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgos)
– Ginkgo biloba is the only extant
species
» Male & female plants are
separate, females put out a
real bad smell
» Males are prized as an
ornamental
» The fan-shaped leaves turn
gold in autumn
Ginkgo biloba
Plant Classification
• Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont)
– Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont)
• Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) (only 3 families)

– EPHEDRACEAE
» Ephedra 40 species. Europe to China, Mexico and US,
S. America.
– GNETACEAE
» Gnetum 28 species. Indomalesia, amazonian S. America,
tropical W. Africa.
– WELWITSCHIACEAE
» Welwitschia One species (W. mirabilis) of Angola and SW
Africa.
Ephedra viridis
Ephedra sinica
Gnetum
Welwitschia mirabilis
Plant Classification
• Vascular Plants With Seeds
– Flowering plants (Angiosperms)
• Seeds enclosed in an ovary
• Only one phylum – P. Anthophyta
• Mature ovary called a “fruit”
– E.g., oranges, tomatoes, corn kernels, pea
pods

– Only one phylum = Phylum Anthophyta

Fruits
Life Cycle of an Angiosperm
Key

Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)

Microsporangium
Anther
Microsporocytes (2n)
Mature flower on
sporophyte plant
(2n) MEIOSIS

Microspore (n) Generative cell

Ovule with
megasporangium (2n)
Male gametophyte Tube cell
(in pollen grain)

Ovary
MEIOSIS Pollen
Germinating
grains
Seed
Stigma

Pollen
Megasporangium tube
Embryo (2n)
(n)
Sperm
Endosperm
(food Seed Surviving
megaspore Pollen
Supply) (3n) tube
(n)
Seed coat (2n)
Style
Antipodal cells
Female gametophyte Polar nuclei
(embryo sac) Synergids Pollen
Egg (n) tube

Zygote (2n)

Nucleus of Egg Sperm

developing Nucleus (n) (n)
endosperm
(3n)

FERTILIZATION

Discharged
sperm nuclei (n)
Generic Flower Carpel

Stigma

Anther
Stamen Style

Ovary

Filament

Petal

Sepal

Receptacle

Ovule
Plant Classification
• Vascular Plants With Seeds
– Flowering plants (Angiosperms) (cont)
• Phylum Anthophyta – divided into two
classes:
– Class Monocotyledoneae (monocots)
– Class Eudicotyledonae (eudicots) (the old
Dicotyledonae – dicots) [see p. 602-603]
 Monocots Dicots

Seeds One cotyledon (seed Two cotyledons

leaf)

Leaves Parallel venation Netted venation

Stems Vascular tissue scattered Vascular tissue usually

arranged in ring

Roots Usually fibrous Usually a taproot

Pollen Pollen grain with one Pollen grain with three

opening openings

Flowers Flower parts usually in Flower parts usually in

multiples of three multiples of four or five
Monocot Eudicot - Dicot
Monocot = fibrous
Eudicot = tap
Monocot pollen
Plant Anatomy
• Introduction
– Plant parts can be termed as “woody” or
“herbaceous”
• Woody parts

• Herbaceous parts
– Whole plants can be termed as “woody” or
“herbaceous”
• Herbaceous plants

• Woody plants
Plant Anatomy
• Plant Organs
– Vegetative organs

– Reproductive organs
Plant Anatomy
• Plant Tissues
– Meristematic tissues = all one type of cells able to
carry on mitosis
• Apical meristem

• Lateral meristem
– Vascular tissues = made of more than one type of
cell. They conduct water and dissolved materials

• Xylem carries water and dissolved ions from the roots to

stems and leaves

• Phloem carries dissolved sugars from the leaves to all other

parts of the plant
Plant Anatomy
• Plant Tissues (cont)
– Structural tissues =
tissues that carry on
photosynthesis and/or
form the structural
parts of plants
• E.g., Epidermis (covers
& protects) in more
herbaceous plants
• E.g., Periderm – Cork
tissues (protects,
waterproofs) replaces
epidermis in woody
plants
Plant Anatomy
• The Leaf
– Probably two most important functions:
• Trapping energy of sun
• Photosynthesis (production of sugars)
Plant Anatomy
• The Leaf (cont)
– Cuticle
– Epidermis
– Chloroplasts
– Stomata w/guard
cells
Falling Leaves
• Deciduous Trees
– Have an abscission layer at base of petiole
– Leaf scar
– Loss of green color due to lack of water to
leaves during death of abscission layer…less
bountiful colors will show through as result
• Some colors, such as red, blues, violets only are
produced when temps around 40 degrees
• Some species do not produce other pigments…so
when chlorophyll is lacking, they appear brown
due to the tannic acid in all trees
Falling Leaves
• Evergreens
– Most coniferous trees do not lose leaves till
Spring when new leaves have already
grown…thus appear always green
Plant Growth Time Factors
• Annual plants
– Sprout, grow, flower, and produce seeds in one
growing season
– Most herbaceous plants are annuals
• Biennial plants
– Sprout & grow in first growing season
– Flowers & produces seeds in second growing season
• Perennial plants
– Grows year after year
– Most woody plants are perennials
– Some herbaceous plants are perennials
The Root
• Functions of Roots
– Anchoring
– Absorption
– Transportation
– Food Storage
The Root
• Root Systems
– Taproot system (e.g.,
carrots, oak trees)
– Fibrous root system
– Adventitious roots
arising from stems
The Root
• Growth of a Root
– Longitudinal section
of a root tip
• Root cap
• Meristematic region
• Elongation region
• Maturation region
The Root
• Growth of a Root
– Primary tissues
(made during the
primary growth of a
root)
• Epidermis
• Cortex
• Endodermis
• Vascular tissues
– Vascular cylinder
in eudicots
– Spread out in
monocots
The Root
• Growth of a Root
– Primary tissues (made
during the primary
growth of a root)
• Vascular tissues (cont)
– Xylem
– Phloem
– Cambium
– Pericycle
The Stem
• Functions of Stems
– Manufacture and display leaves
– Conduct materials to leaves for
photosynthesis and growth, and to roots for
growth
– Most carry on photosynthesis when young,
and a few as adults (e.g., cacti)
The Stem
• External Anatomy of a
Stem
– Bud scales
– Apical bud (terminal
bud)
– Lateral bud
– Internode
– Bud scale scars
– Leaf scar
– Lenticels
 End of Plant Unit

Some additional material covered

in lab