VIBRATION-BASED STATISTICAL DAMAGE DETECTION

METHOD
 Damage Detection

INPUT STRUCTURE OUTPUT

(Reference State)

Compare
Environment

INPUT STRUCTURE OUTPUT

(Current State)
 Vibration-based damage detection

• Construction of the analytic model of the real structure to establish its

initial state without damage.

• Estimation of the modal shapes and vibration frequencies for a latter

state

• Localization and estimation of the magnitude of the damage in the

structural element.
 Limitation of Modal Approach

• Presumes that the damages are fully reflected by the vibrational

characteristics.

• Field work questions the direct use of the modal parameters.

• Disrepancies are significant at low-frequency inputs

 BYPASS TO VBDI – STATISTICAL METHOD

• Measurement error and Environmental factors.

• The process of vibration-based SHM can be fundamentally considered as

that of statistical pattern recognition.

• Pape (1993) proposes a technique to identify damaged parts using

statistical methods and measured natural frequencies.

• Vibration-based Statistical Damage Detection method using Mahalanobis

distance.
 Mahalanobis Distance

• The square MD between the observations in the data vector 𝐱i and a

reference, baseline model with the sample mean 𝛍 and the covariance
matrix C is defined as:

MDi  ( Xi   )T C 1 ( Xi   )

• Mdi is calculated on Block Hankel matrix based on output correlations and

used as damage indicator:

^ ^ ^ ^
MDi  vec( H p 1,q   ( H Re f
p 1, q ))T ( ^ )1 vec( H p 1,q   ( H Re f
p 1,q ))
Re f
H p1,q
 Block-Hankel Matrix

• System Output: Yk = [yk 1 , yk 2 …. yk r ] v R

• Output Correlation Matrix Cis,t :

E(ysk+iyktT)/ssst

• Block-Hankel Matrices

C1 C2 Cq
C2 C3 Cq 1
H p 1,q   Hank (Ci )

C p 1 C p  2 C pq
 Damage detection

• Based on the assumption that the damage introduces a change in the distribution
of 𝐇p+1,q Ref , 𝑇𝑚 lengths outside the baseline state is considered as an outlier:

MDi  Tm : Healthy  State

MDi  Tm : Damaged  State

• Threshold Tm :

Tm   TRe f   Re f
m
Numerical Simulation

Gres et al. 2017

 MB Foundation FE Model – Numerical Simulation
BUCKET DIAMETER
SHAFT LENGTH
Boundary Conditions on skirt Plates
FE Model Mesh distribution
Input load
Single Response Generation
Total Records Generated
14 m
32m
Translational and Rotational DOF
constrained to zero.
8589 first order shell elements
8414 nodes
50484 DOF
White Noise input of variance acting on
the node at the top of the shaft
Time duration of record = 250 s
Sampling Frequency = 40 Hz
5 Bi-axial sensor (accelerometer)
10 acceleration data sets
Ambient Vibration Simulation = 45000 s
180 data sets,
50(Healthy State),130(Damaged State)
 MB Foundation FE Model – Damage Simulation

Annotation Description Sets Annotation Description Sets

A Healthy 50 H T of 4 FE in all connection 10

are reduced by 15 %
B T of 4 FE in A reduced by 10 I T of 4 FE in A are reduced 10
1% by 40 %

C T of 4 FE in A are 10 J T of 4 FE in A and B are 10

reduced by 5 % reduced by 40 %

D T of 4 FE in A and B are 10 K T of 4 FE in all connection 10

reduced by 5 % are reduced by 40 %

E T of 4 FE in all connection 10 L T of 4 FE in A are reduced 10

are reduced by 5 % by 85 %

F T of 4 FE in A are 10 M T of 4 FE in A and B are 10

reduced by 15 % reduced by 85 %

G T of 4 FE in A and B are 10 N T of 4 FE in all connection 10

reduced by 15 % are reduced by 85 %
 Damage Detection Results and Interpretation

MD Based Classic Sub-space

Damage Based Damage
Indicator Indicator

Robust sub-space Fusion – Sub-space

based damage based +MD based
indicator damage indicator

Gres et al. 2017

 Recap and Conclusion

• Mahalanobis distance based damage detection is discussed

• The accuracy has been validated with sub-space damage detection

method.

• The methods were tested on the basis of an FE simulation model of a

novel offshore support structure.

• Despite the changes in the variance of the ambient excitation, tested

methods have proven to be effective in detecting the damages in both the
simulations.

• The performance of the new MD-based damage detection is similar to the

robust subspace-based scheme and is computationally easier.
 REFERENCE

• Gres, S., Ulriksen, M., Döhler, M., Johansen, R., Andersen, P., Damkilde, L., and
Nielsen, S. (2017). "Statistical methods for damage detection applied to civil
structures". Procedia Engineering, 199, 1919-1924.ELSEVIER.