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System
Part A
12
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Development of Neurons
nervous system originates from neural tube & neural
crest
CNS from neural tube
PNS from neural crest cells
three-phase process of neural development:
Proliferation of neural cells
Migration
Differentiation of neuroblasts
Guiding Axonal Growth
Scaffold of glial fibers & ECM
Attractants released by target cells
Release of NGF by astrocytes
Neurotrophins released by other neurons
Interactions of repulsive guiding molecules
Embryonic Development: Week 1
Fertilization
Movement to uterus
Implantation
Blastocyst formation
Blastocyst & Gastrulation
Neurulation: Specialization of Ectoderm
Figure 28.9a, b
Neurulation
Figure 28.9c,d
Neural Tube & Primary Brain Regions
Week 3
Neural Tube & Primary Brain Regions
Week 3 Week 4
Neural Tube & Primary Brain Regions
LV LV
3rd
4th
Figure 12.3
Ventricles of the Brain
Ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Fluid moved by ciliary motion of ependymal cells
Figure 12.5
Basic Pattern of the Central Nervous System
Spinal Cord
Core - gray matter – soma
Edges - white matter -
myelinated axon tracts
Brain
Highly convoluted
Cortex & nuclei - areas with
mostly neuron soma
White mater organized tracts
of axons
Anatomical Features of the Cerebral Cortex
sulcus
gyrus
White matter
Cerebral White Matter
Myelinated fibers & their tracts
Communication between cortex & lower CNS center, &
areas of the cortex
Commissures
Association fibers
Projection fibers
Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
Motor
Sensory
Cognition
Primary Motor Cortex
Precentral gyrus
Conscious control of
voluntary movements
Pyramidal cells
axons form corticospinal
tracts
Premotor Cortex
Anterior to precentral gyrus
Coordinates learned actions
Plans of movements
Broca’s Area
Figure 12.8a
Proposed Memory Circuits
Figure 12.22
Lateralization of Cortical Function
Lateralization
Unique functions of each hemisphere
Left hemisphere
language, math, & logic
Right hemisphere
visual-spatial skills, emotion, & artistic skills
Cerebral dominance
Hemisphere dominant for language (left)