Introduction to DWDM

Achieving Higher Bandwidth

Install New Fiber Expensive

Invest in new TDM Very Expensive
technologies to achieve
higher Bandwidth

Deploy DWDM System Economical

 Why DWDM Networking?

• Fibre Exhaust: Unlimited bandwidth on a fibre

pair
• Bit Rate Transparency
• Format/Protocol Transparency : IP, ATM etc.
• Efficient use.
• Minimal Capital Expenditure : Capacity
Expansions Demand
• Simpler Operations.
 Economics of WDM

• Saving of regeneration costs:

One optical amplifier can amplify many channels,

regeneration cost per channel drastically reduced

• Saving of fibers/fiber shortage

Cost effective compared to laying new fibers

 Advantages
Capacity up-gradation: Capacity of the DWDM systems can be
up-graded easily by deploying higher channel capacity systems
without laying of new fibers.
• Bit Rate Transparency: Different wave lengths from different
systems can be transmitted simultaneously and independently over
the same fiber.
• Economical: One optical amplifier is used for amplification of all
the channels. Hence, per channel cost is drastically reduced as
compared to providing regenerator for individual channels in SDH
network.
• Extremely high transport capacity at low cost
• Multiple use of optical amplifiers yielding decreased
investments and maintenance costs.
 SDH NE Regenerators SDH NE

Fig.3. Situation without WDM

SDH NE SDH NE

Optical Terminal Optical Terminal

MUX MUX
Optical Amplifier

Fig.4 Situation without WDM

 Advantages

• Quick Deployment: DWDM Systems can be deployed

using existing fibers.

• Wave length Routing: By using wave length sensitive

optical routing devices, it is possible to route any wave
length to any station.

• Wave length Switching: Wave length Switching can be

accomplished by using optical Add/Drop Multiplexers,
Optical cross connect, Wave length converters.
 DWDM Limitations

• DWDM transmission is analog.

• The in line amplifiers are also analog.

• This implies that the signal to noise ratio worsens

with distance.

• To keep the BER within limits. The signals are

required to be 3r processed in electrical domain.

• Fiber dispersion is another limitation.

 DWDM

• DWDM is a technology in which a number of optical

wave lengths are combined and then transmitted in a

single fiber.

• Single fiber is for transmitting more than one optical

signal simultaneously.
DWDM Basics

SINGLE FIBRE

SDH OPTICAL SIGNALS

 BLOCK SCHEMATIC

OPTICAL Tx Rx
SIGNALS. 1 MUX DEMUX
STM-1 2
STM-4 W OFA W
.
STM-16 .
D D
.
ATM .
M M
IP 16

TRANSPONDERS
BLOCK SCHEMATIC
The Following Steps Describes The Above System :
1. The Transponder accepts input in the form of
standard single mode or multimode laser. The input
can from different physical media , different protocols
and traffic types.
2. The wave length of each input signal is mapped to a
DWDM wave length.
3. DWDM wave lengths from the transponder are
multiplexed in to a single optical signal and launched
in to the fiber.
4. A post-amplifier boosts the strength of the optical
signal as it leaves the system.
5. Optical amplifiers are used along the fiber span as
needed.
6. A Pre-amplifier boosts the optical signal before it
enters the end system.
7. The incoming signal is de-multiplexed into individual
DWDM wave lengths.
8. The individual DWDM wave lengths are mapped to
the required output type and sent out through the
transponder.
 DWDM Components

• Transponder
• Multiplexers (Combiner)
• De-multiplexers (Splitter)
• Optical Fiber Amplifier (OFA)
• Optical Add Drop Multiplexer (OADM)
• Optical cross connector (OXC)
• Optical supervisory channel (OSC)
 Transponder
• Transmit Transponder : The function of Transmit
transponder is to convert the incoming optical signal into
pre-defined optical wave length.

• The transponder first converts the optical signal to an

electrical signal and performs Re-shaping, Re-timing and
Re-transmitting functions or (3R Functions).

• The electrical signal is then used to drive the LASER,

which generates the optical wave length as per ITU Grid.

• The output from all the transponders is fed to the

combiner in order to combine all optical channels in optical
domain.
 Transponder
• Receive Transponder :
• Individual wave lengths are first split from the combined
optical signal with help of splitter and then fed to individual
receive transponders.
• The receive transponder converts the optical signal to
electrical , does 3R functions and finally convert the signal
back into optical
 TRANSPONDER / TRANSLATOR /
WAVELENGTH CONVERTOR

Input
Electrical
O/E REGENERATION
E/O
Pre-
defined
output
Signal Direction : ITU -GRID

• DWDM sending a large number of closely spaced optical

signals over a single fiber. Standards developed by the ITU
(International Telecommunications Union) define the exact
optical wavelength used for DWDM applications.

• The center of the DWDM band lies at 193.1 THz and centre
wave length of 1552.52nm with standard channel spacing of
200 GHz and 100 GHz.

• “Standard" Channel spacing is 100 GHz allows transmission

of 45 channels on one fiber.
Channel Spacing and Optical Wave Length :

• 200 GHz = 1.6 nm

• 100 GHz = 0.8 nm

• 50 GHz = 0.4 nm

When spacing the wave lengths more closely, typically

at 50 GHz : Double the no. of channels, because of

closure spacing, the more channel cross talk results.

 0.4 nm
50 GHz

1510.0 nm 1528.77nm 1560.61 nm

198.6THz 196.10THz 192.1 THz
1480.0 nm
202.6THz
Fig.2. Wavelength Plan for 50 GHz Grid
 ITU-T BAND ALLOCATION
Optical C BAND L BAND
Supervisory
channel
BLUE RED
BAND BAND

1500 1520 1530 1542 1547 1565 1620

• CONVENTIONAL BAND = 1530 TO 1565 NM

• LONG BAND = 1565 TO 1620 NM
• ERBIUM DOPED FIBRE AMPLIFIERS SUITABLE FOR
‘C’ BAND.
 ITU –T G.692 Frequency Grid
Nominal Central  Nominal Central  Nominal Central 
Central  (nm) Central  (nm) Central  (nm)
(THz) (THz) (THz)
196.1 1528.77 194.7 1539.77 193.3 1550.92
196.0 1529.55 194.6 1540.56 193.2 1551.72
195.9 1530.33 194.5 1541.35 193.1 1552.52
195.8 1531.12 194.4 1542.14 193.0 1553.33
195.7 1531.90 194.3 1542.92 192.9 1554.13
195.6 1532.68 194.2 1543.73 192.8 1554.94
195.5 1533.47 194.1 1544.53 192.7 1555.75
195.4 1534.25 194.0 1545.32 192.6 1556.55
195.3 1535.04 193.9 1546.12 192.5 1557.36
195.2 1535.82 193.8 1546.92 192.4 1558.17
195.1 1536.61 193.7 1547.72 192.3 1558.98
195.0 1537.40 193.6 1548.51 192.2 1559.79
194.9 1538.19 193.5 1549.32 192.1 1560.61
194.8 1539.77 193.4 1550.12
Optical Amplifier

• The optical amplifier is used to amplify all the wave

lengths at once and boost the signal power after
multiplexing and before de-multiplexing.

• The fiber optic amplifier component of the DWDM

system provides a cost efficient method of taking in and
amplifying optical signals without converting them into
electrical signals.

• DWDM amplifies a broad range of wavelengths in the

1550 nm region.
Requirements of an Optical Ideal Amplifier:
• Provide high gain

• Have wide spectral band width

• Provide uniform gain
• Allow Bi-directional amplification
• Add minimum noise and Low cost
• Have low insertion loss
• No cross talk and no interference between
components
• Good conversion efficiency
AMPLIFIER using in DWDM systems:

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

 Advantages of EDFA
• Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers operate at 1550 nm
wavelengths that reduce fiber loss and minimize dispersion
effects.
• EDFAs are ability to amplify multiple wavelength channels
without crosstalk penalty.
• Highly efficient
• Low in noise
• Low cost
• Flat gain
• Wide bandwidth
• Polarization independency.
 OPTICAL AMPLIFIER

Pump
(980 or 1480 nm at 3 W)

Coupler
EDFA
Weak signal in Amplified signal out

Fiber Isolation Fiber isolation Fiber

 Multiplexers and De-multiplexers

• DWDM systems send signals from several sources

through a single fiber.

• The multiplexer takes optical wave lengths from multiple

fibers and converges them into one beam.

• At the receiving end the De-multiplexer separates the

single beam into its wave length components and
coupling them into individual fibers.

• These devices (MUX / DEMUX) is to minimize crosstalk

and maximize channel separation and interference.
 Add/drop multiplexer (OADM)

• OADM can remove or insert one or more wave

lengths.
• Rather than combining or separating all the wave
lengths, the OADM can remove some while passing
the others.
• OADM only can do optical wave lengths are added
and dropped but no conversion of the signal from
optical to electrical.
 Wayside Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer

TM TM
1 WDM WDM
MUX DEMUX
2 O O
A A
 15


16
  5-8
1-4
OADM
OPTICAL CROSS CONNECT :

• OXC can take four input fibers each carrying four wave
lengths and rearrange the 16 wave lengths on to the four
output fibers.

• A wave length can arrive on one fiber and leave on

another fiber.

• A wave length can also change by a transponder in

OXC will shuffle one of the arrived wave lengths and
transmits another wave length to an available channel.
 OPTICAL CROSSCONNECT

T
T
T
INPUT FIBRE

SWITCH T
LINKS

MATRIX T
T
T
T

WAVELENGTH
TRIBUTARY ADAPTATION
LINKS
 MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical-systems)

• In a MEMS optical switch, a micro-mirror is used to reflect a

light beam. The direction in which the light beam is reflected
can be changed by rotating the mirror to different angles,
allowing the input light to be connected to any output port.

• This type of optical switch has been realized for the first time
through the fusion of various techniques such as micro-
machining techniques for fabricating the mirror, optical design
techniques for achieving low-loss optical connections, and
control techniques for positioning the mirror accurately.
Micro-electro-mechanical-systems
(MEMS):

1. Configurable
2. Reconfigurable
MEMS
 Optical Supervisory Channel
(OSC)
Line Terminal Equipment In-line Amplifier Line Terminal Equipment

1 1
Tx 1 Rx
2 2
Tx 2 Rx
3 3

DATA OUT
Tx 3 Rx
DATA IN

4 4
Tx 4 Rx
5 5
Tx 5 Rx
6 6
Tx 6 Rx
7  + supervisory 7
Tx 7 Rx
8 8
Tx 8 Rx
Tx sup Rx Tx Rx sup
System Control System Control
Processor OSC Processor

Network Management Network Management

N. Mary SDE RTTC Hyderabad

Mobile no: 9490282822

Email id: nannam.mary@gmail.com

P. Munigangadharam JTO RTTC Hyderabad

Mobile no: 9490182966

Email id: munigangadharam@gmail.com

Thank You