LET’S

BEGIN
PHARMACEUTICAL
ANALYSIS
Welcome to my Presentation
ON

CONDUCTOMETRY

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CONDUCTOMETRY
. IT IS DEFINED AS DETERMINATION OR MEASUREMENT OF
THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF AN ELECTROLYTE
SOLUTION BY MEANS OF A CONDUCTOMETER.

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 BASED ON OHM’S LAW WHICH STATES
THAT THE STRENGTH OF
#1
CURRENT(I)PASSING THROUGH
CONDUCTOR IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO POTENTIAL
DIFFERENCE & INVERSELY TO

PRINCIPLE RESISTANCE.

V = IR
  AT INFINITE DILUTION IONS ACT INDEPENDENT OF
EACH OTHER & THEY CONTRIBUTE TO CONDUCTANCE
OF SOLUTION.

#2  WHEN SOLUTION OF ONE ELECTROLYTE IS ADDED TO

SOLUTION OF ANOTHER ELECTROLYTE THEN OVERALL
CONDUCTANCE WILL DEPEND ON WHETHER A
REACTION OCCURES OR NOT

 IF NO REACTION OCCURES THEN ALL THE IONS

CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASE IN CONDUCTANCE OF
PRINCIPLE
SOLUTION.
KEYPOINTS

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CONDUCTANCE (G)
IT IS EASE WITH WHICH CURRENT FLOWS PER UNIT AREA OF
CONDUCTOR PER UNIT POTENTIAL APPLIED & IS RECIPROCAL TO
RESISTANCE.
FORMULA- (G = I ⁄ R)
UNIT- OHM-1 OR SIEMEN
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RESISTANCE (R)
IT IS TENDENCY TO OPPOSE FLOW OF ( IONS OR ELECTRONS ) AND IS
RECIPROCAL OF CONDUCTANCE.

UNIT- SIEMEN-1 OR OHM

FORMULA- R=1/G

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MOLAR
CONDUCTANCE (l)
IT IS THE CONDUCTANCE OF ALL THE IONS PRODUCED FROM 1 MOLE
OF GIVEN DILUTION.
UNIT- SIEMEN* METER2 MOL-1
FORMULA- lm=1000/C (WHERE C IS CONCENTRATION)

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EQUIVALENT
CONDUCTANCE (lEQ)
SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE OF SOLUTION CONTAINING ONE GRAM
EQUIVALENT OF SOLUTE IN ONE LITER SOLUTION.

UNIT- SIEMEN* METER2 EQ-1

FORMULA- lEQ=1000k/C ( WHERE C IS CONCENTRATION )

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SPECIFIC
CONDUCTANCE (k)
CONDUCTANCE OF BODY OF UNIFORM LENGTH AND UNIFORM AREA
OF CROSS SECTION (A) IS SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE.

UNIT- SIEMEN METER-1

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SPECIFIC
RESISTANCE(r)
IT IS TENDENCY TO OPPOSE FLOW OF ELCTRONS (CURRENT) OF UNIT
LENGTH AND UNIT AREA OF CROSS SECTION.

UNIT- OHM*METER

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 WIDE MOUTH CELL
(Low conductance
measurement cell )

IT IS USED FOR MEASURING CONDUCTANCE OF LOW

VALUE.

IT’S MOUTH IS FITTED BY EBONITE COVER WHICH HAS

PROVISIONS FOR PLATINUM ELECTRODE AND
BURETTE

THE GLASS OF WIDE MOUTHED CELLS IS MADE OF

BOROSILICATE MATERIAL. 14
PRECIPITATION
CELLS
 MAINLY USED FOR PRECIPITAION REACTION
IN WHICH COMPLEX PRODUCED IS
SPARINGLY SOLUBLE OR INSOLUBLE IN THE
WITH THE SOLVENT.

 IT HAS UPPER COVERING OF EBONITE

WHICH HAS PROVISIONS FOR
BURETTE,PLATINUM ELECTRODE AND
MAGNETIC STIRRER
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 PLATINUM SHEETS EACH OF 1CM2
ARE FIXED AT DISTANCE OF 1 CM
AWAY FROM EACH OTHER. 4

 PLATINUM IS SPECIFICALLY USED AS

AN ELECTRODE BACAUSE OF ITS
HIGH ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
AND ITS ABILITY TO RESIST CHEMICAL ELECTRODES
ATTACKS.
USED
 ELECTRODES ARE COATED WITH
PLATINUM BLACK TO AVOID
POLARIZATION EFFECT. 4

 PLATINISATION OF ELECTRODE IS
DONE BY COATING OF SOLUTION OF
3% CHLOROPLATINIC ACID+LEAD
ACETATE. ELECTRODES
USED
 ELECTROLYTE STRONG WEAK

A LIQUID OR GEL THAT ELECTROLYTES WHICH ARE ELECTROLYTES THAT ARE

CONTAINS IONS AND FULLY IONISED IN SOLUTION. NOT FULLY IONISED IN
THEY INCREASE SOLUTION.
CAN BE DECOMPOSED
CONDUCTANCE OF SOLUTION Ex-CH3COOH
BY ELECTROLYSIS Ex- NaCl, HCl
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 CONDUCTOMETRIC
TITRATION
. IT IS DEFINED AS DETERMINATION OR MEASUREMENT OF
THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF AN ELECTROLYTE
SOLUTION BY MEANS OF A CONDUCTOMETER.

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SA-SB Titration
HCL+NaOH NaCL+H2O

 IN THIS TITRATION INITIALLY H+

IONS IN HCL ARE REPLACED BY
CONDUCTANCE

Na+ IONS SO DUE TO LESS

MOBILITY OF Na+ IONS IN
COMPARISON TO H+ IONS THE
CONDUCTIVITY DECREASES.

 BUT AS NUMBER OF OH- IONS

INCREASES CONDUCTIVITY

NaOH added INCREASES AGAIN.

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WA-SB Titration
CH3COOH+NaOH CH3COONa+H2O

 INITIALLY CONDUCTANCE IS VERY LOW DUE TO

PRESENSE OF ONLY WEAK ELECTROLYTE BUT
CONDUCTANCE

AS WE ADD STRONG ELECTROLYTE IN IT, THE

CONDUCTANCE INITIALLY DECREASES DUE TO
REPLACEMENT OF H+ IONS WITH Na+
0.1M

 BUT INCREASES AFTER BECAUSE OF

0.01M
DISSOSIATION OF CH3COO- AND Na+ AND
0.001M AFTER EQUIVALENCE POINT CONDUCTION
INCREASES MORE RAPIDLY DUE TO INCREASE

NaOH added IN NUMBER OF OH- IONS.

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SA-WB Titration
H2SO4+NH4OH

 INITIALLY CONDUCTANCE IS
CONDUCTANCE

HIGH AND IT DECREASES BY

REPLACEMENT OF H+ IONS AND
CONDUCTANCE REMAINS
CONSTANT AT EQUIVALENCE
POINT.

NH4OH added
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WA-WB Titration
CH3COOH+NH4OH

 CONDUCTANCE IS LOW INITIALLY

DUE TO PRESENSE OF WEAK ACID.
CONDUCTANCE

 AFTER ADDITION OF WEAK BASE

CONDUCTION SLIGHTLY INCREASES
DUE TO FEEBLE DISSOSIATION OF
WEAK BASE AND IT REMAINS
CONSTANT AFTER EQUIVALENCE
POINT.

NH4OH added
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ADVANTAGES OF CONDUCTOMETRY

UNIVERSAL
CONDUCTOMETRY CAN BE

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USED FOR ANY KIND OF
TITRATION.
ACCURATE RESULTS

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ARE OBTAINED WITH
MINIMUM ERRORS

NO NEED OF INDICATOR
SINCE CHANGES IN

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CONDUCTIVITY IS MEASURED
BY CONDUCTOMETER

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THERE IS NO CHANCE
OF ERROR IN IT IF
PROPERLY DONE.
AS END POINT IS DETECTED BY
GRAPHICAL METHOD
APPLICATIONS OF CONDUCTOMETRY

LAB USE
PURITY OF DISTILLED WATER

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CAN BE CHECKED

DETECT pH

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ALKALINITY OF FRESH WATER
CAN BE DETERMINED

COMMUNITY HEALTH

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TO CHECK WATER POLLUTION
LEVLES IN LAKES AND RIVERS

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 THANK YOU VERY MUCH
PRESENTATION BY SUSHRUT OZA

SCIENCE MERELY DOES NOT ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

BUT IT QUESTIONS THE ANSWERS TOO !

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