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RRGS BANDARA
LECTURER- ICBT CAMPUS
Specific Energy, Critical Flow,
Froude Numbers, Hydraulic Jump
Objectives
*Note, no P/g
• (* this is appropriate for open channels, since nearby areas have about the same pressure)
At the red line specific energy is minimum, so the exact slope at that
point is zero, dE/dy = 0. For higher energy (blue line) there are
two possible depths for the same specific energy.
Same plot with depth vertical
• Let’s turn the graph on its side, as in the text.
We can again graph how flow depth y changes
for any change in Specific Energy E. For some
constant q:
For the energy line shown,
there are two possible
depths where it crosses the
blue plot of some flow per
unit width q. The upper one
is mostly potential energy
(the water is elevated) ,
and the velocity is small;
the lower one has greater
velocity and is not as high
Critical Depth
• There’s also one specific depth, yc, the critical depth, for which energy E in the
system is minimized. This is the lowest specific energy for a given discharge q. If the
flow is deeper (higher on the graph) than this, the velocity drops, but if the flow is
shallower than this, the velocity increases.
Solving for Critical Depth
• This critical point occurs where the derivative (slope)
dE/dy is 0. So, take the derivative of E with respect to
y. Only E and y are variables.
which is
Then
or
gives
At the minimum specific energy
the ratio of velocity squared to depth
times the gravitational acceleration is
one.
Froude Number
• V2/gy is the Froude Number, squared. Notice that it
is dimensionless, i.e. all the units cancel. It is the
ratio of kinetic to potential energy, and is used to
characterize open channel flow.
• And so, returning to the text, at the minimum
specific energy the dimensionless Froude Number
is:
Flow deeper than a Froude Number of Fr=1 (large depth in
denominator so Fr <1) is called subcritical flow. It is higher and
slower.
Flow shallower than Fr=1 (Fr>1) is called supercritical or
shooting flow. It is lower and faster.