Transmission Line Parameters

North America Interconnections

Current Midwest Electric Grid
State Variation in Electric Rates
A typical Transmission Line
Overhead Transmission Lines for various voltage levels
Substations: where transmission lines meet, & where
transformers & protection equipment are located
ACSR: Aluminum Conductor with inner Steel Reinforced strands

An overhead transmission line conductors are

usually consist of aluminum conductor (having
low resistance) wrapped around steel core (for
strength).

ACSR: stands for Aluminum Conductor Steel

Reinforced

Stranded aluminum conductor with stranded steel

core (ACSR).
Stranded conductors arranged in bundles per phase of (a) two, (b) three, and (c) four.
 Cables
Underground cables are divided into two categories:
distribution cables (less than 69 kV) and high-voltage
power-transmission cables (69–500 kV)

Semiconducting material surrounds

the conductor to grade the electric
field

Plastic jacket provides insulation

and protection

Neutral strands for an outer shell

for protection and return currents
Transmission Line Parameters
R : Resistance
L : Inductance
C: Capacitance
 Resistance
ρL
R:
A
Where:

L : Length of conductor
A : Cross-sectional area
 : Resistivity of the conductor.
Skin Effect
 R  R 0  (T  T0 )  1

R0 : Resistance at temperature T0

: Temperature Coefficient
 Inductance

External and internal concentric magnetic flux lines around the conductor.
Internal magnetic flux
 Inductance

Flux Linkage

L
i Current
Number of turns
  N
Flux
Flux Density
   B  da
A
Incremental Area
Dot Product
 Magnetic Field Intensity
B  0  R H
Relative Permeability

4 10 -7

B  H    0  R  Permeability of the medium

Ampere Circuit Law

ie   H  dl
l
 Magnetic Circuit

B1  0.5wb / m 2
  B1 A1  0.5  0.02  .01wb
B2   / A2  0.01 / 10 2  1wb / m 2
 Series Parallel

MMF  Magentic Motive Force  NI

NI  R  Hl
Example: Determine the current required to get a flux of 6 mwb
Inductance of a Single Conductor

Infinitely Long Conductor

One Turn Coil

Uniform Current Density in the Coil

Flux Lines Form Concentric Lines

 Two Cases
Case1: Points Outside the Conductor

Case2: Points Inside the Conductor

r is the radius of the conductor

Path of the flux outside the conductor

Current is Coming out of

the paper

Path of the flux inside the conductor

 Case1: Points Outside the Conductor
xr
Ampere Circuit Law for path

i   H  dl
H  2x  i
i
H
2x
 Case 2: Points Inside the Conductor

Current enclosed in a circle of radius x < r is ie

Ampere Circuit Law for path

ie   H  dl

H  2x  ie
ie
H
2x
Under the assumption of uniform current density in the conductor

i ie
 2
r 2
x
ie
H
x2 2x
ie  2 i
r
ie 1 x2 x
H   2 i  i
2x 2x r 2r 2

x
H i
2r 2