Design of Aerofoil for A Turbomachine

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

A Fluid Device, Which abridged the Globe

into Global Village….
Generating Hopes to turn Space into ……
 Aerofoil Design for A Wind Turbine

r/R Chord (m) Twist (deg)

0 10 6.1
0.25 8 66.7
0.5 6 83.4 Blade Tip
0.75 4 93.8
1 2 111.6

Leading Edge

Airfoil NACA 65-

410
Root Section
Streamlines & Pressure Field past an airfoil
Flights Flying Upside Down
 19th Century Inventions

Otto Lilienthal
H F Phillips
History of Airfoil Development
Effect Based Description
Can We Identify the Cause?
 Definition of lift and drag

Lift and drag coefficients Cl and Cd are defined as:

L D
Cl  CD 
1 V c 2 1 V 2 c
2  2 
The Basic & Essential Cause for Generation of Lift

• The experts advocate an approach to lift by Newton's laws.

• Any solid body that can force the air downward clearly
implies that there will be an upward force on the airfoil as a
Newton's 3rd law reaction force.
• From the conservation of momentum for control Volume
• The exiting air is given a downward component of momentum
by the solid body, and to conserve momentum,
• something must be given an equal upward momentum to solid
body.
• Only those bodies which can give downward momentum to
exiting fluid can experience lift !
• Kutta-Joukowski theorem for lift.
Fascinating Vortex Phenomena : Kutta-Joukowski
Theorem
Fascinating Vortex Phenomena : Kutta-Joukowski
Theorem
 THE COMPLEX POTENTIAL
• Flow past any unknown object can be represented as a complex
potential.
• In particular we define the complex potential
W    i
In the complex plane every point is associated with a complex
number
i
z  x  iy  re
In general we can then write

W    x , y   i  x , y   f  z 
 Now, if the function f is analytic, this implies that it is also
differentiable, meaning that the limit

df f  z  z   f  z 
 lim
dz z 0 z
dW
 u  iv
dz
so that the derivative of the complex potential W in the complex z plane
gives the complex conjugate of the velocity.
Thus, knowledge of the complex potential as a complex function of z
leads to the velocity field through a simple derivative.
 Elementary fascination Functions

• To Create IRROTATIONAL PLANE FLOWS

• The uniform flow
• The source and the sink
• The vortex
 THE UNIFORM FLOW : Creation of Simple
mass & Momentum in Space
The first and simplest example is that of a uniform flow with velocity U
directed along the x axis.

In this case the complex potential is

W    i  Uz

and the streamlines are all parallel to the velocity direction (which is the
x axis).
Equi-potential lines are obviously parallel to the y axis.
 THE SOURCE OR SINK
• source (or sink), the complex potential of which is

m
W    i  ln z
2
• This is a pure radial flow, in which all the streamlines converge at
the origin, where there is a singularity due to the fact that continuity
can not be satisfied.
• At the origin there is a source, m > 0 or sink, m < 0 of fluid.
• Traversing any closed line that does not include the origin, the mass
flux (and then the discharge) is always zero.
• On the contrary, following any closed line that includes the origin
the discharge is always nonzero and equal to m.
 Iso lines

Iso lines

The flow field is uniquely determined upon deriving the complex

potential W with respect to z.

m
W    i  ln z
2