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• Significance:
– Fresh concrete suspension stability – self-consolidating concrete (SCC)
– Grouting
• Challenge:
– Shear-induced particle migration
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Steady-state flow properties
Steady-state
time
Bingham model:
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Steady-state flow properties
Increasing angular
velocity
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Steady-state flow properties
Increasing angular
velocity
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Quantifying sand particle migration
• Existing methods:
– Image analysis
– Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Thixotropy model
l , flocculation state
• Assumptions:
i) Bingham behavior and;
ii) Linear increase of yield stress over time
• Single exponential well predicts the structural decay of fresh pastes and concretes
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Destructuration of mortar
• Critical strain, 1a
– Structure
Qian and Kawashima, CCR under review, 2016
• Characteristic time,
– Kinetics
tx
• Normalized τ, t + t + t
0 1 2
– Relative intensity
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Experimental approach
• Materials:
– Portland Type I Cement; sand (0.6 – 1.18 mm); water
• Mix design:
– w/c = 0.5; s/c = 1.5 – 2.25 by mass
• Mixing:
– Paste mixed first; then sand is added
– Random hand-mixing
• Equipment:
– Rotational rheometer with construction cell
• Influence of:
– Sand-to-cement ratio (solid volume fraction)
– Clay addition (viscosity modifier)
– Applied angular velocity (shear)
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Sand volume fraction
a1 << a 2
• Critical strain 1 1
1
a1
1
a2
Constant applied rotational rate
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Solid volume fraction
• Normalized τ – magnitude -s / c - t 1 - t 2
Norm τ1
Norm τ2
Constant applied rotational rate
Normalized τ
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Purified Attapulgite Clay
Agglomerated Dispersed
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Purified Attapulgite Clay
α = 0.0027 s
r = 0.07 α, characteristic time
r, fitting parameter
Neat paste
α = 0.0017 s
r = 0.061
Time [s]
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Attapulgite clay
-clay ¯ 1
a1
1
a1
1
Constant applied rotational rate a2
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Critical strain
Critical strain
Linear viscoelastic regime (LVR)
• Clay addition
1
a1 Norm τ1
1
a2 Norm τ2
Normalized τ
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Applied angular velocity
Norm τ1
Norm τ2
Normalized ττ
Normalized
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Summary
• A modified two exponential thixotropy model is proposed to describe the torque decay of
fresh mortars under constant shear
– Results support that each exponent describes paste deflocculation and sand particle
migration
• Results indicate:
– Increase in sand volume fraction leads to increased kinetics and intensity of particle
migration
– Clay addition slows and decreases degree of particle migration
– Shear rate has less of an effect, within the investigated range
• Future/ongoing work:
– Supplementing results with direct measure, i.e. MRI
– Alternate geometries
– Additional material systems
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Thank you! Questions
• Funding support from NSF and CRC American Concrete Institute (ACI)
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