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Use of thixotropy model to capture

competition between paste deflocculation and


sand particle migration in fresh mortars
Ye Qian, PhD student
Shiho Kawashima, Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics
Columbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science

Thixotropy of Concrete – How It Can Help, Part 2 of 2


ACI Spring Convention 2016, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
April 19, 2016
Motivation

• Concrete – a multiphase material


– Paste – colloidal phase
– Concrete – particle packing
– Mortar – intermediate phase

• Studies on shear rheological characterization of cement-based systems widely limited to paste


and concrete systems
– Relatively fewer studies on mortar systems

• Significance:
– Fresh concrete suspension stability – self-consolidating concrete (SCC)
– Grouting

• Challenge:
– Shear-induced particle migration

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Steady-state flow properties

Applied rotational velocity


Torque

Steady-state

time

Bingham model:

3
Steady-state flow properties

Increasing angular
velocity

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Steady-state flow properties

Increasing angular
velocity

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Quantifying sand particle migration

• Existing methods:
– Image analysis
– Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Roussel, Mat Struc 2006 Hafid et al, CCR 2015

• Aim: Quantify sand particle migration through rheological methods


– Kinetics
– Intensity

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Thixotropy model

• General form for existing models:

l , flocculation state

• Assumptions:
i) Bingham behavior and;
ii) Linear increase of yield stress over time

• Deflocculation occurs much more rapidly than flocculation

• Single exponential well predicts the structural decay of fresh pastes and concretes

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Destructuration of mortar

• For mortar (cement, water, sand)


– Colloidal phase (deflocculation)
– Granular phase (sand particle migration)

• Critical strain, 1a
– Structure
Qian and Kawashima, CCR under review, 2016
• Characteristic time,
– Kinetics
tx
• Normalized τ, t + t + t
0 1 2
– Relative intensity

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Experimental approach

• Materials:
– Portland Type I Cement; sand (0.6 – 1.18 mm); water

• Mix design:
– w/c = 0.5; s/c = 1.5 – 2.25 by mass

• Mixing:
– Paste mixed first; then sand is added
– Random hand-mixing

• Equipment:
– Rotational rheometer with construction cell

• Influence of:
– Sand-to-cement ratio (solid volume fraction)
– Clay addition (viscosity modifier)
– Applied angular velocity (shear)

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Sand volume fraction

• As measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)


– Particle migration becomes more apparent beyond 30% solid vol. frac.
– Degree of particle migration increases with solid vol. frac.

Ovarlez et al. JRheo2015, Hafid et al. CCR2015

Columbia University in the City of New York


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Solid volume fraction

a1 << a 2
• Critical strain 1 1

– Sand (d = 0.6 - 1.18 mm); cement (davg = 40 μm)

• Characteristic time – kinetics

– Paste deflocculation – increase in local shear introduced by sand


– Sand particle migration – solid vol. fractions 41 – 51 %

1
a1
1
a2
Constant applied rotational rate

Qian and Kawashima, CCR under review, 2016

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Solid volume fraction

• Normalized τ – magnitude -s / c - t 1 - t 2

– Degree of paste deflocculation increases within shearing time


– Degree of particle migration increases w/particle volume fraction

Norm τ1
Norm τ2
Constant applied rotational rate
Normalized τ

Qian and Kawashima, CCR under review, 2016

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Purified Attapulgite Clay

Chemically exfoliated from bulk attapulgite (Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH)4(H2O)


1.75 μm in length, 3 nm in diameter
“Nanoclay”

Agglomerated Dispersed

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Purified Attapulgite Clay

Breakdown kinetics (deflocculation) – Paste system


o Characteristic time increases with nanoclay
o Nanoclays slow breakdown kinetics
o Increase in floc size and strength
[Tregger et al., Cem Conc Res, 2010; Ferron et al., Cem Conc Res, 2013]

Paste w/nanoclay f (t) = A*[exp(-t / a )r ]


Shear stress [Pa]

α = 0.0027 s
r = 0.07 α, characteristic time
r, fitting parameter

Neat paste
α = 0.0017 s
r = 0.061

Time [s]

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Attapulgite clay

• Critical strain of colloidal phase

-clay ¯ 1
a1

– Agrees with the results of small amplitude oscillatory shear tests

1
a1
1
Constant applied rotational rate a2

Qian and Kawashima, CCR under review, 2016

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Critical strain

Experimental method: Small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS)

Applied strain and stress response:


g = g 0 sin wt t (t) = g 0 (G'sinwt +G"coswt)

G’ = storage modulus; G” = loss modulus

Shultz and Struble, Cem Concr Res, 1993.

Critical strain
Linear viscoelastic regime (LVR)

Clay addition (%)


Roussel et al. CCR 2012
Qian and Kawashima, In Prep, 2016
Attapulgite clay

• Clay addition

– Slows sand migration kinetics


– Intensity of sand migration decreases

Constant applied rotational rate

Qian and Kawashima, CCR under review, 2016

1
a1 Norm τ1
1
a2 Norm τ2

Normalized τ

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Applied angular velocity

• Sand migration kinetics accelerate slightly with angular velocity

• Intensity does not change significantly with angular velocity

Norm τ1
Norm τ2

Normalized ττ
Normalized

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Summary

• A modified two exponential thixotropy model is proposed to describe the torque decay of
fresh mortars under constant shear
– Results support that each exponent describes paste deflocculation and sand particle
migration

• Results indicate:
– Increase in sand volume fraction leads to increased kinetics and intensity of particle
migration
– Clay addition slows and decreases degree of particle migration
– Shear rate has less of an effect, within the investigated range

• Future/ongoing work:
– Supplementing results with direct measure, i.e. MRI
– Alternate geometries
– Additional material systems

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Thank you! Questions

• PhD student: Ye Qian

• Funding support from NSF and CRC American Concrete Institute (ACI)

• Lab support from Columbia University’s Carleton Strength of Materials


Laboratory

• Materials from Lafarge, Active Minerals, GRACE

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