Descriptive Anatomic Terms:

Anatomic position:
The person is standing erect
The upper limbs by the sides
The face and palms of the hands directed forward
Imaginary Body Planes:

Median Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane passing through the
center of the body
Divides body into equal right and left halves

Paramedian Sagittal plane: ???. .

 
Coronal (frontal) Planes
vertical planes at right angles to
the median plane
 
Horizontal, or Transverse, Planes
Are at right angles to both the median
and the coronal planes
Terms Related to Position
 Terms Related to Position

Ipsilateral vs Contralateral

Superficial vs Deep

Internal vs External

Supine vs Prone
Terms Related to Movements
Terms Related to Movements
 Basic Structures

Fasciae
The superficial fascia is a mixture of loose areolar
and adipose tissue that unites the dermis of the
skin to the underlying deep fascia

Variable composition in some body parts :

numerous collagen fibers ???
absence of adipose tissues ???

 
The deep fascia is a membranous layer of connective tissue
that invests the muscles and other deep structures

well-defined layers, or
a thin film of areolar CT, or
a definite sheath around the muscles and other structures, or
thickened to form restraining bands called retinacula
 Basic Structures

Skeletal Muscle
Produce movements
Voluntary muscles
Striped muscle fibers
Mixed innervation

Attached to bones, cartilage, or ligaments by :

-Tendons : cords of fibrous tissue
- Aponeurosis : thin, strong sheet of fibrous tissue
- Raphe: an interdigitation of the tendinous ends of fibers
of flat muscles
 Basic Structures

Skeletal muscles

pennate muscles fibers run obliquely to the line of pull

More fibers per volume unit , More powerful

 Basic Structures

Skeletal Muscle Action

A. Prime mover:

B. Antagonist:

C. Fixator: stabilize the origin of

the prime mover

D. Synergist: prevent unwanted movements

in an intermediate joint
 Basic Structures

Joints
A site where two or more bones come together,
whether or not movement occurs between them.

classified into:
A.Fibrous joints

B. Cartilaginous joints
Primary
Secondary

C. Synovial joints
movement in a synovial joint is limited by:
the shape of the bones ,
adjacent anatomic structures
presence of fibrous ligaments
 Basic Structures

Synovial Joints Types:

A. Plane joints

B. Hinge joints

C. Pivot joints

D. Condyloid joints

E. Ellipsoid joints

F. Saddle joints

G. Ball-and-socket joints
 Basic Structures

Stability of Joints

The stability of a joint depends on:

A. The shape, size, and arrangement of
the articular surfaces
B. The ligaments
C.The tone of the muscles
around the joint

Nerve Supply of Joints

Hilton's law:
A sensory nerve supplying
a joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and
the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles
 Basic Structures

Ligaments: Cords of CT
Collagen vs. Elastic fibers

Bursae: Lubricating device

Areas of friction ??

Synovial Sheaths: Tubular bursae surrounding

tendons

Membranes:
Mucus
Serous
Synovial
 Basic Structures

Blood vessels:
Arteries -----arterioles
Veins---------venules
Capillaries

Portal system:
Hepatic vein
Sinusoids
 Basic Structures

Anastomoses

Arteriovenous anastomoses
 Basic Structures

Lymphatic System:

Lymphatic tissues
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph
Afferent vessels
Efferent vessels
Lymph .
Right lymphatic duct & the thoracic duct
 Basic Structures

Bone: CT
compact vs. cancellous

Classification:
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoide

Surface markings:

Cartillage:
gel like matrix
types: Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
 Basic Structures

Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
 
Basic Structures
 Basic Structures

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Fig.17.01
Fig. 17.03
Fig.17.02
Fig. 17.05