ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

&
LATEST TRENDS IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE
 CONTENTS
• History
• Aim
• Approaches
• Scope
• Branches Of AI
• Genetic Programming
• Preparatory Steps of Genetic Programming
• Definition
• Genetic Operations
• Executional Steps of Genetic Programming
• Fuzzy Logic
• Fuzzy Logic (contd.)
• Applications
• Problems
• Latest Trends
Biometrics
Robotics
Neural Networks
• References
 Definition
It is defined as intelligence exhibited
by an artificial entity.It forms a vital
branch of computer science,dealing
with intelligent behavior in machines.
Examples:Chess playing,Speech
Recognition.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
 History

• 1956-1979:Various artificial intelligence research

facilities were setup at MIT and Princeton.
• 1980’s:In 1980 momentum started to swing
upward for AI supporters with the re-invention of
expert systems.
• 1993-Present Day:From 1993 until the turn of the
century AI has reached some incredible landmarks
with the creation of intelligent agents.These agents
use the surrounding environment to solve the
problems effectively and efficiently.
 Aims
• To foster the development and
understanding of AI.
• To promote interdisciplinary exchanges
between AI and other fields of information
processing.
• To contribute to the overall aims and
objectives for further development.
 Approaches
Field of AI can be divided into two broad
categories:
1. Bottom-Up approach: - Build electronic replicas
of the human brain's complex network of
neurons. (e.g. Artificial Neural Network)
2. Top-Down approach: - It attempts to mimic the
brain's behavior with computer programs. (e.g.
Genetic Programming, Fuzzy Logic)
 Scope
It provides a wide range of
techniques,which can be applied to
wide range of application areas.
-Automated Reasoning
- Belief Revision
-Computer Vision
-Data Mining
 Branches of AI

• Pattern Recognition
• Inference
• Planning
• Ontology
• Heuristics
• Genetic Programming
• Logical AI
 Genetic Programming

• Genetic programming is an automated

method for creating a working computer
program from a high-level problem statement
of a problem.
• It achieves this goal of automatic
programming by genetically breeding a
population of computer programs using the
principle of Darwinian natural selection and
biologically inspired operations.
Genetic Programming
 Preparatory Steps of Genetic
Programming
1. The set of terminals (e.g., the independent
variables of the problem) for each branch of the
to-be-evolved program.
2. The set of primitive functions for each branch of
the to-be-evolved program.
3. The fitness measure.
4. Certain parameters for controlling the run.
5. The termination criterion and method for
designating the result of the run.
 Genetic Operations
1. Crossover : - Create new offspring program(s) for the
new population by recombining randomly chosen parts
from two selected programs
2. Mutation : - Create one new offspring program for the
new population by randomly mutating a randomly chosen
part of one selected program.
3. Reproduction: - Copy the selected individual program to
the new population.
4. Architecture Altering operations : - Choose an
architecture-altering operation from the available
repertoire of such operations and create one new
offspring program for the new population by applying the
chosen architecture-altering operation to one selected
program.
 Executional Steps of Genetic
Programming
1. Randomly create an initial population.
2. Iteratively perform the following steps until
the termination criterion is satisfied:
• Execute each program in the population
and ascertain its fitness using the problem’s
fitness measure.
• Select one or two individual program(s)
from the population with a probability
based on fitness (with reselection allowed)
to participate in the genetic operations.
• Create new individual program(s) for the
population by applying genetic operations
with specified probabilities.
3. After the termination criterion is satisfied,
the single best program in the population
produced during the run is harvested and
designated as the result of the run. If the
run is successful, the result may be a
solution (or approximate solution) to the
problem.
 Fuzzy Logic
• "Fuzzy Logic is basically a multi-valued logic that
allows intermediate values to be defined between
conventional evaluations like yes/no, true/false,
black/white, etc. Notions like rather warm or
pretty cold can be formulated mathematically and
processed by computers."
• Uncertainty is considered as a great utility.
Newtonian Mechanics Calculus
Statistical Mechanics Probability Theory
 Fuzzy Logic (contd.)
• Fuzzy Sets: - These are sets with boundaries that
are not precise. The membership in a fuzzy set is
not a matter of affirmation or denial, but rather a
matter of degree.
e.g. A day is called sunny if it has around 25%
cloud cover but it can be called sunny if it is 30%
also.
Thus a fuzzy set representing our concept will
assign a degree of membership of 1 to a cloud
cover of 0%, 0.75 to a cloud cover of 20% and 0%
to a cloud cover of 75%.
 Applications

• Game Playing
• Speech Recognition
• Computer Vision
• Expert Systems
• Virtual Reality
• Image Processing
• Artificial Creativity
Game Playing
Speech Recognition
Image Processing
Virtual Reality
Expert Systems
Artificial Creativity
Expert Systems
 Problems of AI
• Mundane Tasks
planning
vision
robotics
natural language processing
• Expert tasks
required specialized skills and training , for
example Medical Diagnosis,Trouble Shooting
Equipments.
• Formal Tasks
Games
Mathematics
 Latest Trends
• Biometrics

• Robotics

• Neural Networks
 BIOMETRICS
It is the science and technology of
measuring and analyzing the data.In
Information technology it refers to the
science that measure and analyze the
human body characteristics.
Biometric systems consists of-
•Scanner
•Software
•Database
 Classification of Biometrics

• Physiological Biometrics-measures the

distinct traits that people have ,usually
dictated by their genetics.
• Behavioral Biometrics-measure the distinct
actions that human take,which are very hard
to copy from one person to another.They
measure characteristics of human body
indirectly.
 Applications
• Cellular telephone security
• Process control security
• Verification of signatures
• ATM transaction verification
• Building access control
 ROBOTICS
It is the science and technology of
robots,their design,manufacture and
applications.Robotics require a working
knowledge of electronics and mechanics.
 Applications
• Spot and electric arc welding
• Pick and place operations
• Assembly
• Spray finishing operations
 NEURAL NETWORKS

It is a massively parallel distributed

processor,made up of simple
processing units which has natural
tendency for strong knowledge and
making it available for use.
 Artificial Neural Networks
• An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing
paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems
process information. It is composed of a large number of highly
interconnected processing elements (neurons) working in unison to
solve specific problems.
Human Neuron Artificial Neuron
 A Simple Neuron
• An artificial neuron is a device
with many inputs and one output.
The neuron has two modes of
operation; the training mode and
the using mode. In the training
mode, the neuron can be trained to
fire (or not), for particular input
patterns. In the using mode, when
a taught input pattern is detected at
the input, its associated output
becomes the current output. If the
input pattern does not belong in
the taught list of input patterns, the
firing rule is used to determine
whether to fire or not.
NEURAL NETWORKS
 Firing Rule of ANN
• The firing rule is an important concept in neural
networks and accounts for their high flexibility. A
firing rule determines how one calculates whether
a neuron should fire for any input pattern. It
relates to all the input patterns, not only the ones
on which the node was trained.
• For example, a 3-input neuron is taught to output 1
when the input (X1,X2 and X3) is 111 or 101 and
to output 0 when the input is 000 or 001. Then,
according truth tables before and after applying
the firing rule.`
 Firing Rule of ANN (contd.)

X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1
X 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 X 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
2 2
X 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 X 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
3 3
O 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 O 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
U / / / / U / /
T 1 1 1 1 T 1 1
 Benefits
• Non linearity
• Input output mapping
• Adaptivity
• Contextual information
• Evidential response
• Fault tolerance
• VLSI
 References
• Artificial Intelligence,2nd Edition, ELAINE
RICH and KEVIN KNIGHT(TMH)
• Comprehensive Overview of the Applications of
Artificial Life KYUNG –JOONG KIM and
SUNG -BAE CHO
• http://artificialintelligence.ai-
depot.com/Philosophy/272.html
• Artificial Intelligence by George F Luger,4th
Edition(Pearson Education).