Exponential Function

f (x) = ax ; a > 0 and a ≠ 0

In an exponential function, the base is fixed

and the exponent varies.

f (x) = 2x

Graph of exponential function

For x = 0, point is: (0, 1)
x = 1, ,, : (1, 2)
x = 4, ,, : (4, 16)
 Properties of Exponential Function

All exponential functions in the form f (x) = ax :

 Pass through (0, 1), since a0 = 1

 Are positive for all values of x
 Tend to infinity in one direction and zero in
the other .
 Index/ Exponent
Index:
We know, a . a . a. a . ……………………. n times = an
Here ‘n’ is called the index or power of base ‘a’.

Note: a0 = 1, and a1 = a

Eg. 25 = 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2, 34 = 3 . 3 . 3. 3, 44 = 4 . 4 . 4 . 4

Laws of Indices/ exponents:

i) ax . ay = ax+y

ii) ax ÷ ay = ax – y
iii) (ax)y = axy = (ay)x
Laws of Indices:

iv) (ab)x = ax bx

v) (a / b)x = ax / bx

vi) 1 / ax = a-x ; a ≠ 0

vii) ax = ay, iff x = y (a ≠ 0)

viii) ax = bx, iff a = b (x ≠ 0)

 Logarithm

The logarithm of a number to a given base is the

index or power to which the base must be raised
to produce the number, i.e., to make it equal to the
given number

If ax = n, then, logan = x
2 4 = 16, ⇒ log2 16 = 4

2 3 = 8, ⇒ log2 8 = 3

Since a 0 = 1, logarithm of 1 to any base is zero.

i.e., loga 1 = 0

Since a 1 = a, logarithm of any number to the

same base is 1.
i.e., loga a = 1
 Laws of Operation

I. logamn = logam + logan

II. loga(m/n) = logam – logan
III. logamn = nlogam
IV. logbm = (logam/ logab)
Let, logam = x, logbm = y, and logab = z
⇒ ax = m, by = m, az = b
⇒ ax = by= (az)y = ayz
⇒ x = yz
Let, u = x log y – log z × y log z – log x × z log x – log y

⇒ log u = log (x log y – log z × y log z – log x × z log x – log y )

⇒ log u = log (x log y – log z ) + log (y log z – log x) + log(z log x – log y)

⇒ log u = (log y – log z )log x + (log z – log x) log y + (log x - log y) log z

⇒ log u = 0 = log 1

⇒u= 1

⇒ x log y – log z × y log z – log x × z log x – log y = 1

( Proved)
If log {(x + y)/7} = ½ (log x + log y),
show that (x/y) + (y/x) = 47

log {(x + y)/7} = ½ (log x + log y)

⇒ log{(x + y)/7} = ½ log xy

⇒ log{(x + y)/7} = log (xy)½

⇒ (x + y)/7 = (xy)½

⇒ (x + y)2 = 49 xy

⇒ x2 + y2 = 47 xy, Dividing by xy, we get

⇒ (x/y) + (y/x) = 47 (proved)

If log2{log3(log2x)} = 1, find x.

Using definition we get,

log3(log2x) = 21

⇒ log2x = 32

⇒ x = 29

⇒ x = 512
Find the value of log2[log2{log3(log3273)}]

log2[log2{log3(log3273)}

= log2[log2{log3(log339)}

= log2{log2(log39)}

= log2{log2(log332)}

= log2(log22)

= log21

=0
Simplify: logab . logbc. logcd. Logda

Changing the base to a common base, e,

logeb . logec . loged . logea

logea logeb logec loged

=1
If a3 – x . b5x = ax + 5 . b3x, show that
X log(b/a) = loga

log(a3 – x . b5x)= log(ax + 5 . b3x)

⇒ (3 – x) loga + 5x log b = (x + 5) log a + 3x log b
⇒ 3 log a – xloga + 5x log b = xloga + 5log a + 3x logb
⇒ 2xlogb – 2xloga = 2 log a
⇒ x log b – xloga = loga
⇒ x (logb – loga) = loga
⇒ x log (b/a) = loga
If ax = by = cz = dw show that
Loga(bcd) = x( 1/w + 1/y + 1/z)

ax = by = cz = dw

Taking logarithm to the base a, we get

Loga(ax) = Loga(by) = Loga(cz) = Loga(dw) = x , since

Loga(ax) =x

Loga(by) = y Logab = x ⇒ Logab = x/y

Loga(cz) = z Logac = x ⇒ Logac = x/z

Loga(dw) = w Logad = x ⇒ Logad = x/w

Now, L.H.S. = Loga(bcd) = Logab + Logac + Logad

= x/y + x/z + x/w

= x( 1/w + 1/y + 1/z)

Solve the following equation:

Logx3 +logx9 +logx729 = 9

⇒ Logx(3 x 9 x 729) = 9

⇒ Logx(39) = 9

⇒ x9 = 39

⇒x = 3
Prove that
logax + loga2x2 + loga3x3 + … + log a
n xn = logaxn

If a, b, c are three consecutive integers,

prove that log (1 + ac) = 2 log b

log(1+ac)
= log{1 + a (a + 2)}

= log(1 + a2 +2a)
= log(1 + a)2
= log(b)2
= 2 log(b)
Antilogarithm

If x is the logarithm of a given number n,

with a given base, then n is called the anti
logarithm of x to that very base.

If logan = x , then n = antilog x.

Compound Interest

Let P denotes the principal,

r the rate of interest per annum,
n the period in years, and
A the anticipated amount in n years
The interest on P for the first year = P . r/100
The amount at the end of the year = P + P . r/100
= P (1 + r/100)
The interest on P (1 + r/100) for the 2nd year = P (1 + r/100) .
r/100

The amount at the end of 2nd year =

P (1 + r/100) + P (1 + r/100) . r/100
= P (1 + r/100) (1 + r/100)
= P (1 + r/100)2
Thus, amount at the end of year n is P (1 + r/100)n
= P (1 + i)n , where i = r/100
Depreciation

Amount at the end of year n = P (1 - i)n , where i = r/100

Assignment

Examples: 30 – 37