BSEnM-1B LEADERSHIP Is defined as a process by which an individual influences a group of individual to achieve common goal. TRAIT APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP Attempted to identify stable and enduring character traits that differentiated effective leaders from non leadership BEHAVIORAL APROACHES TO LEADERSHIP Tried to identify behaviors that differentiated effective leaders from non leaders The behavioral approach to the study of leadership included the Michigan Studies, Ohio Studies and Leadership Grid MICHIGAN STUDIES ◦ It is a program of research conducted at the University of Michigan.The goal of this work was to determine the pattern of leadership behaviors that results in effective group performance It defined job centered and employee centered leadership as opposite ends of a single leadership dimension MICHIGAN STUDIES Job centered leadership –paying close attention to the work of subordinates explaining work procedures and demonstrating a stronginterest in performance Employee centered leader behavior-involves attempting to build effective work group with high performance goals OHIO STATE LEADERSHIP STUDIES Were a program of research conducted at Ohio State University Defined leader consideration and initiating structure behavior as independent dimensions of leadership OHIO STATE STUDIES Consideration Behavior- involves being concerned with subordinate’s ideas Initiating-structure behavior- involves clearly defining the leader-subordinates roles so that subordinates know what is expected of them LEADERSHIP GRID Provides a means evaluating leadership styles and then training managers to move toward an ideal behavior The grid show two dimensions : namely, Concern for production and Concern for people Leadership Grid LEADERSHIP GRID 1.1 Managerial Style-who exhibited minimal concern for both people and production 9.1 Managerial Style-who is highly concerned about production and a low concern for the people 1.9 Managerial Styles-who is highly concerned for people and a low concern for production LEADERSHIP GRID 5.5 Managerial Style-who maintains adequate concern for both people and production 9.9 Managerial Style-who exhibits the highest degree of concern for both people and production EMERGENCE OF SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP MODELS EMERGENCE OF SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP MODELS The concept of leadership continuum was developed by Robert Tannenbaum and Warren Schmid Leadership style can be placed along a continuum ranging from one that is boss centered to one that is subordinate centered. The points among the continuum show the relationship between use of power and authority of the leaderand the extent of participation by followers in decision making