Electrical Utilization &

Illumination Engineering

BEE-III

SgS
 Illumination Engineering
• Light & Electromagnetic Radiation
• Thermal Radiator & Blackbody
• Photometric & radiometric Quantities
• Laws of Illumination
• Photometry
• Lamps & Luminaries
• Indoor Lighting Design
• Energy efficient lighting design
 Light & Electromagnetic Radiation

• Light is electromagnetic radiation that is capable of

exciting the human retina and creating a visual
sensation.

• Light is defined in terms of its relative efficiency

throughout the electromagnetic spectrum lying
between approximately 380 nm to 780 nm called
visible band of Electromagnetic spectrum.
Electromagnetic Spectrum:-
 UV, VIS & IR

Colour Wavelength(nm)

V 380-420
I 420-440
B 440-490
G 490-560
Y 560-590
O 590-630
R 630-780
 Blackbody Radiation
• A blackbody is a theoretical or model body which absorbs all radiation
falling on it, reflecting or transmitting none. It is a hypothetical object
which is a “perfect” absorber and a “perfect” emitter of radiation over
all wavelengths.

• The intensity and spectral properties of a blackbody radiator are

dependent solely upon its temperature.

• Emitted light from a practical light source, particularly from an

incandescent lamp, is often described by comparison with that from a
blackbody radiator.

• In theory, all of the energy emitted by the walls of the blackbody radiator
is eventually reabsorbed by the walls; that is, none escapes from the
enclosure. Thus, a blackbody will, for the same area, radiate more total
power and more power at a given wavelength than any other light source
operating at the same temperature.
Cont..

A blackbody radiator may be closely approximated by the radiant power

emitted from a small aperture in an enclosure, the walls of which are
maintained at a uniform temperature
 Laws of Thermal Radiator

• Planck Radiation Law

• Wien Radiation Law

• Wien Displacement Law

• Stefan-Boltzmann Law
 Planck Radiation Law
• Planck introduced the concept of discrete quanta of
energy and developed an equation. It gives the
spectral radiance of a blackbody as a function of
wavelength and temperature.

• Where Mλ=Spectral Power Density in Watt/cm2 per

micrometer of wavelength band.
• λ in micrometer, T in Kelvin
• C1,C2=Constants
 Wien Radiation Law
• In the temperature range of incandescent
filament lamps (2000 to 3400 K) and in the
visible wavelength region (380 to 780 nm), a
simplification of the Planck equation, known
as the Wien radiation law, gives a good
representation of the blackbody distribution
of spectral radiance.
 Wien Displacement Law
• This gives the relationship between the peak wavelength of
blackbody radiation at different temperatures.

• Line AB
Blackbody radiation curves for operating temperatures between 500 and 20,000 K, showing Wien
displacement of peaks. The shaded area is the region of visible wavelengths.
 Stefan-Boltzmann Law.
• This law, obtained by integrating Planck's expression
for Mλ from zero to infinity.
i.e. M=∫ Mλ dλ

• It states that
• The total blackbody emission radiance is roportional
the the fourth power of the temperature.
• It should be noted that this law applies to the total
power, that is, the whole spectrum. It cannot be used
to estimate the power in the visible portion of the
spectrum alone.
 Spectral Emissivity

• No known radiator has the same emissive

power as a blackbody.
• The ratio of the output of a radiator at any
wavelength to that of a blackbody at the same
temperature and the same wavelength is
known as the spectral emissivity ε(λ).
 Graybody Radiation
• When the spectral emissivity is constant for all
wavelengths, the radiator is known as a graybody.

• No known radiator has a constant spectral emissivity

for all visible, IR, and UV wavelengths, but in the
visible region a carbon filament exhibits nearly
uniform emissivity; that is, a carbon filament is
nearly a graybody for this region of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
 Selective Radiators
• When the emissivity of all known material varies
with wavelength, the radiator is called a selective
radiator.
 Spectral Power Distribution (SPD) Curve
• A pictorial representation of the radiant power
emitted by a light source at each wavelength or band
of wavelength in the visible region of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
• The nature of emitted energy of radiator body
plotted over a range of wavelength is shown in SPD
Curve.
• Thermal radiators give continuours SPD curve and
Gas discharge lamps shows line spectrum of
discontinuous spectrum.
• It provides information about: How much portion is
visible and total amount of radiation.
 Spectral Response of Human Eye:

• Even within the narrow spectrum of visible

light, the human eye is more sensitive to some
wavelengths than to others.

• This sensitivity depends on whether the eye is

adapted for bright light or darkness because
the human eye contains two types of
photoreceptors — cones and rods.
 Cones
• Cones are responsible for light adaptive vision.
They respond to colour and have high
resolution.
• The light adapted relative spectral response of
the eye is called the spectral luminous
efficiency function for Photopic Vision, Vλ .
• Peak sensitivity at 555 nm.
 Rods
• Rods are responsible for dark adaptive vision
with no colour information and have poor
resolution.
• The dark adaptive relative spectral response
of the eye is called the spectral luminous
efficiency function for Photopic Vision, V’λ .
• Peak sensitivity at 507 nm.
 Types of vision:-
 Photopic Vision
• Retinal response is dominated by the cone photoreceptors.
• Due to cone cells, occurs at Luminance(L)>3 cd/m2
• Fine image details and color vision.

 Scotopic Vision
• Rod photoreceptors respond to stimulation
• Functions in dim light and no image & colour details.
• Due to rod cells, occurs at Luminance(L)<0.001 cd/m2
Mesopic Vision

• Both cones and rod photoreceptors are active.

• As luminance declines through the mesopic region, the fovea,
which contains only cone photoreceptors, slowly declines in
absolute sensitivity without significant change in spectral
sensitivity, until vision fails altogether as the scotopic state is
reached.
• In the periphery, the rod photoreceptors gradually come to
dominate the cone photoreceptors, resulting in gradual
deterioration in colour vision and resolution and a shift in
spectral sensitivity to shorter wavelengths.
• 0.001 cd/m2 <Luminance(L) <3 cd/m2
 Luminous efficiency functions: photoic (V(λ)) and scotopic (V´(λ))

Maximum sensitivity of
• cone cells at 555nm (yellowish green ), 683 lumen/watt
• rod cells at 507nm (bluish green), 1700 lumen/watt
 The CIE standard observers
• The sensitivity of the human visual system is not the same at
all wavelengths in the range 380 nm to 780 nm.

• The Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) has

established three standard observers to represent the
sensitivity of the human visual system to light at different
wavelengths, in different conditions.

• Modified Photopic Observer, having greater sensitivity than

the CIE Standard Photopic Observer at wavelengths below 460
nm. This CIE Modified Photopic Observer is considered to be a
supplement to the CIE Standard Photopic Observer not a
replacement for it.
Cont..
• CIE Standard Photopic Observer has continued to be widely
used by the lighting industry because the modified sensitivity
at wavelengths below 460 nm make little difference to the
photometric properties of light sources that emit radiation
over a wide range of wavelengths. It is only for light sources
that emit significant amounts of radiation below 460 nm ex.
blue light emitting diodes.
• CIE Standard Scotopic Observer to characterise the spectral
sensitivity of the human visual system by night.
• The Standard Scotopic Observer is used by the lighting
industry to quantify the efficiency of a light source at
stimulating the rod photoreceptors of the eye.
Cont..

• The Standard and Modified Photopic Observers having

maximum sensitivities at 555 nm and the Standard Scotopic
Observer having a maximum sensitivity at 507 nm.

• These relative spectral sensitivity curves are formally known

as the 1924 CIE Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for
Photopic Vision, the CIE 1988 Modified Two Degree Spectral
Luminous Efficiency Function for Photopic Vision, and the
1951 CIE Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for Scotopic
Vision, respectively.
 Terms used in Illumination
1. Luminous Energy
2. Spectral Radiant Flux
3. Luminous flux
4. Luminous Efficacy
5. Illuminance
6. Solid angle
7. Luminous Intensity
8. Mean Spherical Candle Power
9. Luminance
10. CRI
11. CCT
 Luminous Energy (Q)
• Visually evaluated radiant energy traveling in
the form of electromagnetic waves.

• Unit: Lumen-sec.
 Radiant Fux (φe) & Spectral Radiant Flux (φeλ)

• Radiant Flux is the rate of flow of energy emitted and

is measured in watts.
• Spectral Radiant Flux is the measure of radiant
power of electromagnetic radiation at any
particular wavelength. Unit is Watt/nm.
 Luminous Flux (Φ)
• It is the time rate of flow of total luminous energy
responsible for visual sensation.
• Unit is lumen (lm)

• Km = 683 lm/W (the maximum sensitivity for

photopic vision at 555 nm).
• V(λ) is Luminous efficiency functions.
 Watt = Time Rate of flow of Radiant Energy
Lumen= Time Rate of Flow of Luminous Energy
If We have to relate we need
Spectral luminous efficiency function or V (λ)
A Black body Standard Radiator

The Spectral Luminous Efficiency Curve is the Screen

that enables us to evaluate the visual effect of radiant
energy
 Luminous Efficacy
• It is the ratio of the total luminous flux
emitted by a source to the total lamp power
input to the source.
• Unit: Lumens per watt (lm/W).
• Lamp efficacy= Lamp lumens / Total lamp
watts
Usually, the light sources do not radiate
energy only in the visible spectrum. The
radiant energy is also accompanied with
infrared and ultra violet radiations.
 Lamp Efficacy

Lamp

Efficiency

Lamp Type (lumens/watt)

Incandescent 10 - 20

Halogen 15 - 25

Halogen HIR™ 20 - 33

Mercury Vapor 40 - 60

Compact Fluorescent 55 - 80

Linear Fluorescent 60 - 105

LED 60 - 140

Metal Halide 80 - 105

Ceramic Metal Halide 90 - 105

High Pressure Sodium 65 - 140

Low Pressure Sodium 150 - 200

 Illuminance:-
• Incident luminous flux per unit area of a surface is
known as illuminance.
• Unit is Lumen/m2 or Lux
• 1 footcandles (fc) = 10.76 lux.
Typical illuminance values on different surfaces
 Plane Angle
The angle subtended at a point by two converging lines lying in the same plane is
called plane angle. It is measured in radians and equal to the ratio of the length
of the arc too its radius,
θ = arc/ radius = l/ r radians
 Solid Angle:-
• Angle subtended by the partial surface area of a sphere
at its centre.
• Unit is steradians and equal to the ratio of area of the
surface to the square of radius of sphere,
 Steradian
• One steradian is defined as the solid
angle that is subtended at the centre of a
sphere by its surface having area equal to
radius square,
ω = surface area/ (radius)2
= r 2 / r2 = 1 steradian
 Luminous Intensity (I)
• Luminous intensity in any particular direction is defined as the
luminous flux emitted by the source per unit solid angle in
that direction.
• It indicates the ability of a light source to produce illumination
in a given direction.
• Unit is lumen/steradian or candela (cd).
• Luminous intensity is used to quantify the distribution of light
from a luminaire.
 INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION CURVE
• Generally any given light source has many different
intensities, depending upon the direction
considered.
• Since light is not emitted uniformly in all directions
by lamps on account of its unsymmetrical shape,
therefore while designing any electrical installation it
is essential to know exactly how the light is
distributed.
• This information is usually given in the form of polar
Curves.
(a) Vertical Polar Curve (b) Horizontal Polar Curve of a filament lamp
Mean Spherical Candle Power (MSCP)

• It is the average luminous intensity of a

light source in all directions in space.

Total flux emitted fro a sphere

= 1 X 4π = 4π lumens
 Luminance (Lv)
• It is defined as luminous intensity per unit projected
or apparent area of either a surface source of light
or illuminated surface.

• Gives us appearance how much a subject is brighter

than other.

• Unit is candela/meter^2
• Luminance is the photometric quantity most
closely associated with one's perception of
brightness.
Photometric Quantities
Typical illuminance and luminance values.
Radiometric & Photometric Parameters
 Colour Rendering Index(CRI):-
• Different lamps have different spectral power
compositions and therefore colour objects can have
variations in their coloured appearance.

• CRI: Measure of the degree of color shift objects

undergo when illuminated by the light source as
compared with the color of those same objects when
illuminated by a reference source, of comparable color
temperature.

• CRI of natural Daylight=100.

Color Rendering Index (CRI)
85 -100 Excellent color rendition

75 - 85 Very Good color rendition

65 - 75 Good color rendition

55 - 65 Fair color rendition

0 – 55 Poor color rendition

Correlated Color Temperature(CCT):-
• The basis of this measure is that the SPD of a black
body is defined by Planck's Radiation Law and hence
is a function of its temperature only.

• CCT: The absolute temperature of a blackbody whose

color appearance most nearly resembles that of the
light source.

• The color appearance of the light emitted by a lamp

is measured in Kelvin (K).
 CCT:-

– ≤ 3200K = “warm” or red

side of spectrum

– ≥ 4000K = “cool” or blue

side of spectrum

– 3500K = “neutral”

– 5000K = “Daylight”
 Colour Rendition

warm light source is neutral light source is cool source is used

used, enhancing reds used enhancing blues and
and oranges greens
 Daylight

• Sunlight:-Direct component of Sunlight. Energy with a color

temperature of approximately 6500 K is received from the sun

• Sky Light:- A considerable amount of light is scattered by the

earth's atmosphere.

• Daylight is variable in nature in both quality and quantity

where artificial light is almost constant in nature.
 Law of Illumination
The illumination on a surface depends upon the
luminous intensity, distance between the
source and surface and the direction of rays of
light. It is governed by following laws :
1.Inverse square law
2.Lambert’s square cosine law
3.Inverse square cosine cube law
 Inverse Square Law
• The inverse square law states that the
illumination EN at a point on a surface normal
to the light ray varies directly with the
luminous intensity I of the source, and
inversely as the square of the distance d
between the source and the point.
• If the surface at the point is normal to the
direction of the incident light, the law may be
expressed as follows:
Cont..
• The inverse square law can only be used in
cases where the light source is approximated
as a point source. (as the distance is
sufficiently larger than the dimension of the
source)
• This equation holds true within 1% when
distance is at least five times of the maximum
dimension of the source.
• The intensity distributions in different planes
must be symmetrical.
 Lambert’s Cosine Law
• The cosine law also known as Lambert's law,
states that the illuminance on any surface
varies as the cosine of the angle of incidence.
The angle of incidence, θ, is the angle
between the normal to the surface and the
direction of the incident light.
 Inverse square cosine cube law
• A useful extension of the cosine law is the
Inverse square cosine cube law.
• By substituting h/cosθ for d, the above
equation may be written
 Perfect Diffuser & Lambert’s Cosine Law
• At a particular angle θ,

• At θ=00,

• A perfectly diffusing sphere is one which emits or

reflects luminous flux in such a way that it has the
same luminance regardless of viewing angle. Such a
surface is called Lambertian Surface.
• So for these surfaces, =constant=
• So,
Lambert’s Cosine Law
 Lambert’s Cosine Law
• A lambertian surface reflects or emits equal
luminance in every direction.
• Luminance is intensity per unit area. Because
both intensity and apparent area follow the
cosine law, they remain in proportion to each
other as the viewing angle changes. Therefore,
luminance remains constant while luminous
intensity does not.
• Ex. Good quality white washed wall.
Relationship between Light Output &
Light Intensity for flat diffuser
• Let us consider a
hemispherical shell
around a surface S.n If
S emits Ф lumens , all
these lumens will
reach the shell surface.
• A small ring of width
Rdθ and radius r is
considered.
Relation between Luminous Flux & Intensity for a perfectly diffused source
 Luminaires
• A Luminaire is the lighting equipment which contains
light source, electrical components and light control
devices.
• Luminaire
-Lighting fixture
– Lamps
– Lamp sockets- To position and protect the lamps and to
connect the lamps to a supply of electric power
– Ballasts
– Reflective material
– Lenses, refractors, louvers-To distribute the light
– Housing -To support or attach the luminaire
 Luminaires
• To provide necessary electrical power to lamp
and gears

• Control, distribute and direct the Light in the

desired direction.

• To protect lamp & optics from dust & water

• To maintain ambient temperature required for

lamp
 Luminaire Efficiency
• Efficiency of Luminaries is expressed in terms of Light
Output Ratio (LOR).

• It is the ratio of the total amount of lumen leaving the

luminaire to the total lumens produced by the bare
lamp.
• This includes both downward as well as upward light.
Down ward light is important from the utilization
point of view. Hence, DLOR is crucial. Up ward light
illuminates indirectly by reflection.
Luminaire type
 Lighting Schemes
Lighting schemes are classified according to
the location, requirement and purpose etc.
1. Direct lighting
2. Indirect lighting
3. Semi direct lighting
4. Semi indirect lighting
5. General lighting
 Direct Lighting
• In this system almost 90 to 100 % light
falls directly on the object or the
surface.
• The light is made to fall upon the
surface with the help of deep reflectors.
Such type of lighting scheme is most
used in industries and commercial
lighting.
• Although this scheme is most efficient
but it is liable to cause glare and
shadows.
Typical Linear
Fluorescent Fixture
– Direct
 Indirect Lighting
• In this system, the light does not fall directly on
the surface but more than 90 % of light is
directed upwards by using diffusing reflectors.
• Here the ceiling acts as a source of light and this
light is uniformly distributed over the surface
and glare is reduced to minimum.
• It provides shadow less illumination which is
useful for drawing offices and composing rooms.
Typical Linear
Fluorescent Fixture
– Indirect
More uniform distribution
 Semi direct Lighting
• This is also an efficient system of lighting and
chances of glare are also reduced.
• Here transparent type shades are used
through which about 60 % light is directed
downward and 40 % is directed upward.
• This also provides a uniform distribution of
light and is best suited for room with high
ceilings.
 Semi indirect Lighting

• In this system about 60 to 90 % of total light is

thrown upward to the ceiling for diffused
reflection and the rest reaches the working
plane directly.
• A very small amount of light is absorbed by
the bowl. It is mainly used for interior
decoration.
 General Lighting

• This system employs such type of luminaries,

shades and reflectors which give equal
illumination in all the directions.
 Luminaire Classification
Luminaire % upward % Downward
Classification Light light
Direct 0-10 100-90
Semi-direct 10-40 90-60
Direct-indirect 40-60 60-40
General Diffuse 60-40 40-60
Semi-indirect 60-90 40-10
Indirect 90-100 10-0
Luminaire Classification
 Photometry
• Photometry is the measurement of Lighting
Parameters.

• Required for quantification of light and

lighting parameters.

• Photometry allows to compare light sources

and spatial distribution of light.
Cont..
• Visual Photometry – observer based
measurement
• Physical Photometry – detector based
measurement
• Modern Photometric practices are done with
physical detectors.
CIE Standard Photometric Observer
Ideal observer having a relative spectral responsivity curve that conforms
to the spectral luminous efficiency function for photopic vision V(λ) or to
the function for scotopic vision V'(λ), and that complies with the
summation law implied in the definition of luminous flux
Cont..
• As we are normally concerned with normal lighting
environment in illumination, we will deal
subsequently with the photopic vision only.
• As the values are taken as internationally agreed
response of human eye, we can replace the term
average observer by standard observer or standard
eye.
• Photodetector with effective spectral response
identical with Photopic response (Vλ) can replace the
role of human eye in Photometry.
 Parameter Instrument
Illuminance Luxmeter
Luminance Luminance Meter
Luminous flux, LOR, Ballast Integrating Sphere
factor
Luminous Intensity Bench Photometer,
Distribution Goniophotometer and
Mirror Goniophotometer
CCT Chromameter
Spectral Distribution Spectroradiometer
 Illuminance Meter; Luxmeter
• Used to measure point specific illuminance on
any plane of orientation.
• In lighting engineering it is often necessary to
measure the illuminance from lighting
installations in indoor or in outdoor.
 Principle of Operation

• Consists of photocell on a lead and some form of

micrometer calibrated in lux or fc by which the
illuminance readings are taken.
• The photocell consists of a metal plane coated with a
semiconductor. When it is exposed in light, electrons
are liberated from the metal surface and are trapped
at the interface unless an external circuit is provided.
• In the simple instruments the photocell is a celenium
valve but these are being replaced by Silicon cells
which have superior properties.
 Basic features of Luxmeter Sensor:

Linearity of Response

Colour correction or Vλ Correction

Cosine correction
 Linearity of Response
• For accurate measurement, the response
should be strictly proportional to the luminous
flux falling on the cell over the range which
the instrument is intended to measure.
• Linearity depends on the resistance of the
external circuit which should be as low as
possible.
 Colour correction or Vλ Correction
• Generally a photoelectric cell is a device which
responds to radiation at least partly in the visible
spectrum.
• For the measurement of light, the cell response
requires correction so that it will have same form as
the CIE Vλ curve.
A filter called I-
correction filter or Vλ
Correction filter is
placed over the cell.
 Cosine correction
• Illuminance varies as the cosine
of the angle of incidence of the
light.
• Illuminance measured with a
bare photocell falls away faster
than this because its surface
reflects an increasingly higher
proportion of the incident light
as the angle of incidence is
increased.
• The profile of the photocell must
be sphere.
• A specially designed translucent
diffusing disc or dome of
diffusing material is placed over
the photocell. This is provided
for cosine correction.
 Measurement of Luminous Flux
• Direct Method i.e the calculation of Luminous
Flux from Luminous Intensity values by Zonal
Lumen Method & Using Distribution
Photometer/Mirror Goniophotometer.

• Indirect Method i.e. Substitution Method

using Integrating Sphere
 Using Distribution Photometer/Mirror
Goniophotometer

Input Data-I table

Output Data-Luminous Flux

Good quality Vλ corrected photocell required.

 Integrating Sphere
Input Data-Lumen output of working standard
lamp.
Output Data-Luminous Flux

Good quality Vλ corrected photocell and

standard lamp required.
A comparative measurement technique.
 Integrating Sphere
• Used to measure Luminous Flux from light
source by comparing with the flux coming out
from working standard lamp of known
luminous flux.

• Working principle – Interreflected illuminance

at any point on sphere wall is directly
proportional to the lumen output from the
source, placed at the centre of the sphere
Integrating Sphere
Cont..
• The validity of its use depends on the principle that
the illuminance received on one area of a sphere
from another part is independent of the relative
positions of the two parts.
• The luminaire or lamp to be tested is suspended at
or near the centre of the sphere, and measurements
of light output are made by the photocell, which is
baffled so that no light from the source can reach it
directly.
• The inside of the sphere is coated with white paint of
reflectance p, and is assumed to behave as a uniform
diffuser.
• Let’s consider a sphere of radius r with a light source L at it’s
centre. The inside of the sphere is coated with paint of
reflectance p. P is a point on the inner surface and is shielded
from direct light by a buffle(or small screen Q).Let P receive
light reflected from whole of the sphere surface.

• Let L is the luminance at Q with area ds, then,

So,
So, δEP is independent of θ i.e. illuminance received at
any point of the sphere from any point lying on the
surface is independent of the positions on the inner
surface.
• If A is the area of the sphere, the total luminous flux F from
the source is given by:
• φT =Lumen output of test lamp
• φS = Lumen output of standard lamp
• ET=Illuminance value by test lamp
• ES=Illuminance value by test lamp
• Method of Substitution,

• This is applicable only when the dimension of test

and standard lamps are same.
 Auxiliary lamp
• The auxiliary lamp is used to compensate for
absorption of interreflected light when the
dimensions of test lamp and working standard
lamps are different.
• If eS be the response of photocell with
auxiliary lamp ON and standard lamp OFF and
eT be the response of photocell with test lamp
OFF, auxiliary ON. Then,
Luminous Intensity Measurement
&
Luminous Flux Measurement by
Zonal Lumen Method
 Polar Curve , Intensity
Distribution &
Elevation, Azimuth Angle

In our system for Indoor & Street

Lights the measurements are based
on C angle i.e. Horizontal Angles
and Ɣ angles i.e. the Vertical Angles

C angle = Horizontal Angles

Ɣ angles = Vertical Angles
FIVE Plane Photometry
FIVE Plane Photometry
 Average Luminous Intensity for FIVE Planes
• Measure the Intensity Values of the Luminaire for a Particular C
angle (Say C=0o) i.e. for a particular C Plane

•Tabulate the entire sets of Intensity Values measured by varying

Ɣ angles i.e. from Ɣ= 0o to Ɣ= 180o for a particular C=0o angle.

•Hence repeat the measurement and tabulation by varying Ɣ

angles i.e. from Ɣ= 0o to Ɣ= 180o for a particular C=22.5o
angle, C=45o angle C=67.5o angle C=90o angle .

•Finally fin out the average of all C=22.5o angle, C=45o angle
C=67.5o angle C=90o angle sets of values for FIVE Planes by
following the formula mentioned
An Example of Averaged Intensity Table of Five Planes
 Luminous Flux Measurement fro I Table
• Total Luminous flux can be calculated using
the zonal lumen method.
Computation of Luminous Flux
 General Indoor Lighting Design
Objectives:
 Visual Performance.
 Visual Comfort
 Safety

Design Parameters:
 Average Illuminance(Eavg)
 Overall Uniformity(Uo)
 Glare
• LUMEN Method of Calculation for
Interior Lighting Design
 LUMEN Method

• E= Maintained Average Illuminance on the

working plane
• n= Number of lamps/luminaire
• N=Total Number of luminaires required
• Φ= Flux Output/ Lamp in Lumen
• M.F= Maintenance Factor
• C.O.U = Coefficient of Utilization(or ,
Utilization Factor, UF)
 Maintenance Factor
Also known as Light Loss Factor (LLF) .
Depends on:
Lamp Lumen Depreciation Factor
Lamp Survival Factor
Luminaire Maintenance Factor
Room Surface Maintenance Factor
 Lamp Lumen Depreciation
• The lamp lumen maintenance factor is the proportion
of the initial light output that is produced after a
specified time.
• Due to aging and dirt accumulation on lamps,
reflectors, lenses and room surfaces.
 Coefficient of Utilization (CU)
Factors influencing coefficient of utilization:
• Efficiency of the luminaire
• Intensity distribution Curve of luminaire
• Geometry of the space
• Reflectance factor of the room surfaces

Utilization factor = lumens reaching at the working place

total lumens emitted by the source
 Design Steps:
1. Identification of visual task to be carried out & user’s
age group.
2. Finding out recommended average E from IS3646:1992.
3. Selection of lamp with proper CCT & CRI suitable for the
intended task and space.
4. Selection of luminaire.
5. Estimation of no. of luminaire to achieve E from Lumen
Method.
6. Laying out of luminaire to achieve uniformity.
7. Computation of Lighting Power Density(LPD in Watt/m2)
8. Finding out Optimum design parameters with minimum
LPD and Optimum Cost.
• A=Area of the Working plane.
• N=No of Luminaires.
• Spacing,
• No of luminaires along Length,

• No of luminaires along width,

Therefore,
&
• Unit:-Watt/m2
 Lamp

Thermal Gas Discharge

Radiator Solid State
Lamp
Lighting

High
Low Pressure LED
Pressure
Tungsten
Filament
Fluorescent Sodium OLED
Lamp Vapour(SOX)
HP Sodium
Halogen Mercury
Vapour
Vapour
CFL (SON)

Retrofit SONT
Metal
SONE Halide
Non
Retrofit
ML
 Lamp Parameters
• Wattage
• Lumen package
• Luminous Efficacy
• CCT & CRI( Colour)
• Lumen Depreciation
• Life
• Ballast Required or not
Principle of FTL Operation With Electromagnetic Ballast
Ballasts perform two basic functions:
1. Provide the higher voltage required to start
lamps

2. Stabilize the lamp current

A capacitor is connected to improve the power
factor.
 Compare:
• White LED & FTL or CFL
• T12, T8 & T5
• HPSV & MH
• 2-PIN & 4-PIN CFL
• RETROFIT & Non- Retrofit CFL
• Magnetic & Electronic Ballast