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MANAGEMENT
CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING
There are seven components of contextual teaching and learning that are
useful to gain success in applying it :
1. Constructivism
2. Inquiry
3. Questioning
4. Learning Community
5. Modeling
6. Reflection
7. Authentic Materials
PRINCIPLES OF CONTEXTUAL TEACHING
AND LEARNING
1. Principles of Interdependence
2. Principle of Differentiation
3. Principle of Self-Regulation
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTEXTUAL
TEACHING AND LEARNING
There are some characteristics of contextual teaching and learning that
differentiate with the other approaches.
1. Making Meaningful Connection
2. Doing Significant Work
3. Self-Regulated Learning
4. Collaborating
5. Critical and Creative Thinking
6. Nurturing the Individual
7. Reaching High Standard
8. Using Authentic Assessment
STRATEGY OF CONTEXTUAL TEACHING
AND LEARNING
There are five strategies that proposed by Crawford :
1. relating
2. experiencing
3. applying
4. cooperating
5. transferring
APPROACHES FOR IMPLEMENTING
CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING
there are five approaches for implementing CTL. The first is problem based
learning.
1. the problem when they are learning that integrate skills and concepts
from many contents areas
2. The second is cooperative learning
3. The third is project based learning
4. The fourth is service learning
5. The fifth is work based learning that the activity occurs in the workplace to
get the benefit for the students
CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING
IN PRACTICE
Contextual Teaching and learning as an approach can be applied in some
language skills such as speaking and writing.
BENEFITS OF CONTEXTUAL TEACHING
AND LEARNING
Contextual teaching and learning as a concept that helps the teachers and
students relate the meaning through prior and new knowledge to get new
understanding.
CONCLUSION
A. HISTORY
B. PURPOSE
C. CHARACTERISTIC
D. PROCEDURES
E. SOME TECHNIQUES INVOLVE IN CLT
F. CONCLUSION
AUDIO LINGUAL METHOD (ALM)
A. DEFINITION
Technically, the Audio Lingual Method (ALM) was supported by the appearance on
the market of a large variety of mechanical aids, such as tape recorder and
language laboratories.
PRINCIPLES
1. The language teacher gives a brief summary of the content of the dialogue.
2. The language learners listen attentively while the teacher reads or recites
the dialogue at normal speed several times.
3. Repetition of each line by the language learners in chorus is the next step.
4. Repetition is continued with groups decreasing in size, that is, first the two
halves of the class, then thirds, and then single rows or smaller groups.
5. Pairs of individual learners now go to the front of the classroom to act out
of the dialogue.
TECHNIQUES
1. Repetition drill
2. Substitution drill
3. Question-and-answer drill
4. Expansion drill
5. Clause combination drill
6. Background build-up drill ( or back chaining)
7. Chain drill
8. Completion
9. Use of minimal pairs
THE STRENGTHS AND THE WEAKNESS
The Audio Lingual Method has been explained in detail. The Audio Lingual
Method (ALM) is a method which was introduced in the United States of
America (USA) in 1940s. The method was accepted by people in other
countries and introduced in Indonesia in 1960’s.
THINK – PAIR – SHARE
This provides teachers with the opportunity to see whether there are
problems in comprehension. Teachers can create a Read – write – Pair – Share
strategy in which students :
1. R : Read the assigned material
2. W : Write down their thoughts about the topic prior to the discussions
3. P : pair up with a partner
4. S : Share their ideas with a partner and/or the whole class.
EXPLORATION, ELABORATION,
CONFIRMATION