Gas turbines

Objective

• Describe the operating principle of gas turbine

• Explain the gas turbine basic components and

their function

• Explain the combustion process and the

combustor parts of a gas turbine

• Explain the supporting systems

• Gas turbine operation

2
The working principle of gas turbine

3
Basic cycle of the gas turbine

4
Basic gas turbine

5
Basic gas turbine

6
Components of the gas turbine

7
The role of the air compressor in a gas turbine

8
Turbine components-Axial flow compressor

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Turbine components- Axial flow compressor

Rotating Rotating
rotor row rotor row

Air flow

Stationary Stationary
vane row vane row

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 Turbine components- Combustion chamber

Fuel inlet

Air inlet

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Turbine components - Combustion chamber structure

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 The function of spark plug and crossfire tubes

What is the function of spark plug?

To start the ignition of the combustible mixture in
the combustion chamber on the beginning, then
fire will continue without spark plug.

What is the function of crossfire tubes?

Transfer the fire from one combustion chamber
to all other combustion chambers.

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 Types of combustion chambers

Three types of combustion chambers:

1. Single combustion chamber

2. Annular combustor
3. Can annular combustor (several combustion
chambers

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Single combustion chamber

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 Annular combustor
Combustion
Flame tube outer casing Turbine
guide vanes

Combustion
inner casing

Fuel nozzle

Compressor
casing mounting
flange

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Annular combustor

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Multi cans-annular combustor

Multi-can combustor

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Multi-cans annular combustor

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Can- Annular combustion chambers in the turbine

Crossfire tube

Combustion
chamber

20
Can- Annular combustion chambers in the turbine

21
Combustion chambers in the turbine

22
Distribution of combustion chambers in the turbine

23
Expansion section –transition piece (duct)

24
Turbine fixed nozzles in the turbine stator

25
Fixed nozzles The turbine wheel

Turbine
blades

Disk

Wheel hub

26
Hot gases flow through the turbine

27
The fixation of the turbine blades to the turbine wheel

28
Turbine blades cooling system

29
 Surge control

What is the surge?

1. Surge is the phenomenon of momentary, periodic
fluctuation in the discharge pressure of compressor.
2. It occurs during acceleration, at a point when the
compressor begins to discharge air faster than it can
suck air in.
3. This condition causes low-pressure pockets to form
inside the compressor.
4. The discharge air will flow back into the compressor to
fill the low-pressure pockets.

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 Surge control

What is the effect of surge?

1. As discharge air flows back into the
compressor, it gains more heat during the
second pressurization. If this repeated, air
temperature would rise to destructive levels.
2. Surge will cause sever axial movement of the
rotor in both directions (i.e. axial vibration).
This condition will cause rapid failure in the
thrust bearing

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 Surge control methods

To control surge, one of the following is used:

1. Relieve the back pressure on the discharge air

2. Supply compressor suction with extra air so that

compressor-inlet pressure keeps pace with
compressor-discharge pressure. This is done
by routing a small amount of compressor-
discharge air back to the compressor inlet.

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Surge control system

33
The driving mechanism for variable-vane system

34
Variable vane system for the compressor section

35
Turbine bearing- Radial bearing

36
Radial bearing –Tilting pad bearing

37
 Turbine bearings- Tilting pad thrust bearing

Tilting pad
thrust bearing

Self adjusting
mechanism

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Turbine bearings – Thrust bearing

Thrust bearing Thrust disc (collar)

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 Labyrinth seal

What is the function of labyrinth seal?

To minimize the internal leakage inside the turbine.

Labyrinth seal is always made of soft material like

aluminum. It must be able to resist chemical
attack from the surrounding environment.

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 Labyrinth seal

Encircle the shaft Labyrinth seal into two halves

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Labyrinth seal

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 Gas turbine configuration

There are three common designs:

1. Single shaft arrangement (one rotor)

2. Split shaft arrangement (two rotors)

3. Twin-spool engine (triple shaft turbine)

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Single shaft rotor (one rotor)

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Single shaft rotor (Example: Jet engine)

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Split shaft arrangement (two rotors)

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Twin-spool engine (triple shaft turbine)

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 Turbine support systems

These systems are:

1. Oil lubrication system
2. Fuel system
3. Air intake system and inlet air filtration
4. Seal oil system
5. Control system

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 Oil lubrication system

The function of oil lubrication system

To provide clean, high- grade lubricating oil with
suitable pressure and temperature.
Components of the system:
1. Oil tank
2. Oil pumps
3. Oil filters& strainer
4. Oil cooler
5. Oil heater
6. Control valves and protection devices

49
Lube-oil distribution

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 Turbine support systems-
Fuel system

The function of fuel system

Fuel system supplies clean, pressure-
regulated natural gas (or liquid fuel) to the
combustion chambers.

There are two fuel systems:

1. Natural gas fuel system
2. Liquid fuel system
There is a relationship between the amount of
fuel and the turbine RPM.

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 Turbine support systems-
Air system and air intake filters

What is the function of air intake system?

Air system provide the required air for:

1. Combustion
2. Reduce the temperature of combustion
products to certain limit (accepted temp.)
3. Turbine rotor cooling
4. Seal lubrication system
5. Operate the control system

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Cooling the turbine rotor blades

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Blade cooling system

54
 Surge

The topics of this part is to understand:

1. What is the surge?
2. What is the effect of surge?
3. Surge control system.

55
 What is the surge?

1. Surge is the phenomenon of momentary, periodic

fluctuations in the discharge pressure of compressor
air.
2. It occurs during acceleration, at a point when the
compressor begins to discharge air faster than it can
suck air in.
3. This condition causes low-pressure pockets to form
inside the compressor.
4. Since higher pressures tend to flow toward lower
pressures, the discharge air will flow back into the
compressor to fill the low-pressure pockets.

56
 What is the effect of surge?

As discharge air flows back into the compressor,

it gains more heat during the second
pressurization.
If the discharge air were to flow back and forth
repeatedly, the super compressed-air
temperature would rise to destructive level.
During a major surge the rotor would move in
axial direction back and forth. Such action will
destroy the thrust bearing and all internal seals.

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 Surge control

1. As the discharge air flows back into the

compressor, air is bled from an inter-stage
location to the exhaust collector, thus
preventing the back-flowing air from re-
pressurizing.
2. Supply compressor suction with extra air so
that compressor-inlet pressure keeps pace
with compressor-discharge pressure. This is
done by routing a small amount of
compressor-discharge air back to the
compressor inlet.

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