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Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
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Different Service, Different Technology
1G 1980s 2G 1990s 3G
Analog Digital IMT-2000
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3G Evolution
Proposal of 3G
IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile
communication system
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3G Spectrum Allocation
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Bands WCDMA Used
Main bands
1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
...
Frequency channel number=central frequency×5, for main
band:
UL frequency channel number :9612~9888
DL frequency channel number : 10562~10838
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3G Application Service
Error
Ratio
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay
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The Core technology of 3G: CDMA
WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: WCDMA
cdma2000 TD-SCDMA
CN: based on ANSI 41 and MIP CDMA CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: cdma2000 RTT: TD-SCDMA
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Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
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Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
Multiple Access Technology which used to differentiate user
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
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Multiple Access Technology
FDMA TDMA
Power
Power
CDMA
Power
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Multiple Access and Duplex
Technology
Duplex Technology which used to discriminate UL and DL
Frequency division duplex (FDD)
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Duplex Technology
Power Time
USER 2
FDD USER 1
UL DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL
USER 2
UL
DL
TDD DL
USER 1
UL
Frequency
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Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
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WCDMA Network Architecture
CN Core Network
CS PS CS PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS Iu-CS Iu-PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub
Uu
UE
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WCDMA Network Version Evolution
MBMS
HSUPA
IMS
CS domain change to HSDPA 3GPP Rel6
GSM/GPRS CN NGN
WCDMA RTT WCDMA RTT 3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel99
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WCDMA Network Version Evolution
Features of R6
MBMS is introduced
HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps
Features of R7
HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and
MIMO
Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps
Features of R8
New HSPA+ technology is introduced, which adopts 64QAM+MIMO
or 64QAM+DC in downlink (Defined by 3GPP 25.XXX)
Max DL rate: 42Mbps, Max UL rate: 11Mbps
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WCDMA Network Version
Evolution(Cont.)
Features of R9
Some new HSPA+ technology is introduced, include DC-HSDPA
+MIMO+64QAM and DC-HSUPA
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Uu Interface protocol structure
GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance
GC Nt DC
C-plane signaling UuS boundary
U-plane information
control
RRC L3
control
control
control
control
PDCPPDCP L2/PDCP
BMC L2/BMC
MAC L2/MAC
PHY L1
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General Protocol Mode for UTRAN
Terrestrial Interface
The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes
are logically independent of each other.
Physical Layer
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Iu-CS Interface (based on ATM)
Radio Control Plane User plane
Network
RANAP Iu UP
Layer
Transport Network
Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network
User Plane User Plane
Transport
Network ALCAP
Layer SCCP
A B
MTP3-B MTP3-B
ATM
Physical Layer
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Iu-CS Interface (based on IP)
Radio Control Plane User plane
Network
RANAP Iu UP
Layer
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Iu-PS Interface (based on ATM)
ATM
Physical Layer
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Iu-PS Interface (based on IP)
Radio Control Plane User plane
Network
RANAP Iu UP
Layer
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Iub Interface (based on ATM)
Radio Control Plane User plane
Network
Layer NBAP Iub FP
NCP CCP
Transport Network
Control Plane
ATM
Physical Layer
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Iub Interface (based on IP)
Radio Control Plane User plane
Network
Layer NBAP Iub FP
NCP CCP
SCTP UDP
IP IP
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Iur Interface (based on ATM)
Radio Control Plane User plane
Network Iur Data
RNSAP
Layer Stream
Transport Network
Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network
User Plane User Plane
Transport
Network ALCAP
Layer SCCP
A B
MTP3-B MTP3-B
ATM
Physical Layer
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Iur Interface (based on IP)
Radio Control Plane User plane
Network Iur Data
RNSAP
Layer Stream
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Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
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WCDMA Source Coding
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
CODEC Bit Rate (kbps)
Speech
AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)
A integrated speech codec with 8
AMR_10.20 10.2
source rates
AMR_7.95 7.95
The AMR bit rates can be controlled
AMR_7.40 7.4 (TDMA EFR)
by the RAN depending on the system
load and quality of the speech AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR)
AMR_4.75 4.75
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS
domain
Includes: video codec, speech codec,
data protocols, multiplexing and etc.
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Transmitter
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
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WCDMA Block Coding - CRC
Block coding is used to detect if there are any uncorrected
errors left after error correction.
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WCDMA Channel Coding
Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when
interference occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
Types
Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
Turbo Coding (1/3)
1/2 Convolutional
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coding
Code Block
of N Bits 1/3 Convolutional Coded 3N+24 bits
Coding
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WCDMA Interleaving
Effect
Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error
Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
Input bits
0010000 ... 10111
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 ... Interleaving periods:
... ... ... ... 20, 40, or 80 ms
... ... ... 1
0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0
0 00…010…100…10…11
0 0 ... Output bits
Inter-column
permutation ... ... ... ...
... ... ... 1
0 1 1 1
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
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Correlation
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals.
+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1
+1 Correlation = 1
C2 -1 1 -1 1
Identical signals
-1
+1 1 1 1 1
+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1 Correlation = 0
+1 1 1 1 1
C2 Orthogonal signals
+1
-1 1 -1 1
-1
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Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding
UE1: +1 -1
UE2: -1 +1
C1 : -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1
C2 : +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
UE1×c1: -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1
UE2×c2: -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1
UE1×c1+ UE2×c2: -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2 0
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Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding
UE1×C1+ UE2×C2: -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
0
Dispreading result: -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2 0
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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
P(f) Spreading code
P(f)
f f
P(f)
Narrowband signal Broadband signal
f Spreading code f
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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Eb / No = Ec / No ×PG
Power
Ebit
Eb/No
Requiremen
t
Max allowed interference
Interference from
other UE
Echip
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Process Gain
Process Gain
chip rate
Pr ocess Gain 10 log( )
bit rate
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Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps:
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips
channelization scrambling
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WCDMA Channelization Code
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as
channelization code
Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8
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WCDMA Channelization Code
SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates → low SF code
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Purpose of Channelization Code
Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical
channels of one transmitter
For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one cell
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Scrambling Code
Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for
scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are
assigned by RNC.
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Purpose of Scrambling Code
Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters
For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different
cells in one carrier
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Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primary
scrambling code 0
Group 0 Primary
scrambling code 1
…………
Primary
scrambling Group 1 ……
codes for
downlink Primary
physical … scrambling code 7
channels
Primary
scrambling code
Group 63 8*63
……
Primary
scrambling code
64 primary 8*63 +7
512 primary
scrambling scrambling code Each group consists of 8
codes groups primary scrambling codes
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Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code
User 1 signal
Channelization code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code 3
User 3 signal
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Code Multiplexing
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code 1
Channelization code
User 1 signal
Scrambling code 2
Channelization code
User 2 signal NodeB
Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
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Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted:
Digital Input 1 0 1 0
time
Basic steady radio
wave:
carrier = A.cos(2pFt+f)
Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)
Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)
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Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - BPSK
1 0 1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Information t
signal
NRZ coding
Digital Input
1
t
-1
High Frequency
Carrier
fo
Carrier
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Modulated
f=0 f=p f=0 BPSK
BPSK Waveform BPSK
signal
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Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - QPSK
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
NRZ Input 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
I di-Bit Stream 1 -1 -1 1 -1
Q di-Bit Stream 1 1 1 -1 -1
I
Component
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Modulation Overview
±A ±Acos(ot)
NRZ I(t)
coding
fo
QPSK
o
90
NRZ Q(t)
coding
±A ±Acos(ot + p/2)
QPSK : A 2 cos(ot f )
f
1 1 p/4
1 -1 7p/4
-1 1 3p/4
-1 -1 5p/4
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Demodulation
QPSK Constellation Diagram
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
QPSK Waveform
1,-1 -1,-1
NRZ Output 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
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WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to different
transmitting abilities in air interface
01 10
I I
00 11
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Transmitter
symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel
Receiver
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Wireless Propagation
Transmitted
Signal
Transmission Loss:
Amplitude
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received
Signal
Time
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Propagation of Radio Signal
Signal at Transmitter
20
15
10
5
dBm
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
Signal at Receiver
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35 Fading
-40
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Fading Categories
Fading Categories
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
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Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for
combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path
Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity
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Diversity
Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth
frequency spectrum
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
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Principle of RAKE Receiver
Correlator 1
The
Correlator 2 Combiner combined
signal
Receive set
Correlator 3
t t
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
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Soft Handover
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Summary
In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of WCDMA:
Spreading / Despreading principle
UTRAN Modulation
UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
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Thank you
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