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Control of Movement by The Brain

Prof. em. Yasmeiny Yazir


Bagian Fisiologi
Fakultas Kedokteran USU
Movement can be initiated by several
means:
Rapid stretch of a muscle 
monosynaptic stretch reflex.
A stumble  righting reflexes.
Rapid approach of an object toward the
face  Startle response (complex
reflex
consisting of movements of several
Brainmuscle
& spinalgroups)
cord include several
different motor systems, each of which
can simulta- neously control particular
kinds of movements.
Organization of motor cortex:
Primary motor cortex  somatotropic
organization
Cortical control of movement
Apraxia.
Damage to
the:
- Corpos
callosum. Apraxia
- Frontal
lobe.
- Parietal Inability to
lobe. properly execute
a learned skilled
movement.
4 major types of apraxia:

1. Limb apraxia.
2. Oral apraxia.
3. Apraxic agraphia.
4. Constructional
apraxia.
Limb apraxia:
Movement of the wrong part of the
limb.
Incorrect movement of the correct
part.
Correct movements but in the
incorrect sequence
3 types of lesion  limb
apraxia
Callosal apraxia  apraxia of the left
limb, caused by damage to the anterior
corpus callosum.
A similar form of apraxia of the left limb
caused by damage to the anterior left
hemisphere (sympathetic apraxia).
Left parietal apraxia caused by lesions of
the posterior left hemisphere (involve
both limbs)
Constructional apraxia
Caused by lesions of the right
hemisphere (particularly the
right parietal lobe)  trouble
drawing pictures or assembling
objects from elements such as
toy building blocks (inability to
perceive and imagine
geometrical relations)
Basal ganglia
Important component of the system

Caudate
nucleus.
Basal ganglia
Putamen.
Globus pallidus. input output

All regions of the 1. Primary motor cortex,


cerebral cortex supplementary motor
(esp. primary area & premotor
motor cortex & cortex (via the
primary thalamus).
somatosensory
2. Motor nuclei of the
cortex
brainstem.
Basal ganglia disorders

1. Parkinson’s disease:
Poverty of movement.

1. Huntington’s disease:
Uncontrollable movements, especially
jerky limb movements
Cerebellum.
Another important part of
the motor system.
When damaged  movements
become jerky, erratic
uncoordinated (ataxia =
errors in range, rate & force)

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