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Starfish development,
16 blastomeres. 32 blastomeres.
nonmotile blastula.
morula
5. Gastrulation
The morphogenetic process called gastrulation
rearranges the cells of a blastula into a three-
layered (triploblastic) embryo, called a
gastrula, that has a primitive gut.
It means rearrangement of blastula cells that
transforms the blastula into a gastrula.
The blastula develops a hole in one end and
cells start to migrate into the hole; this forms
the gastrula
Characterized by cell movement.
Blastocoel is gradually disappear and a new
cavity is formed Gastrocoel.
The gastrula is a three-layered embryo
The formation of three primary embryonic germ
layers
Endoderm (inner)
Mesoderm (middle)
Ectoderm (outer)
Ectoderm forms:
skin and associated glands, nervous
system.
Mesoderm forms:
muscles, skeleton, gonads, excretory
system, circulatory system.
Endoderm forms:
lining of digestive tract, liver,
pancreas, lungs.
Figure 47.11 Organogenesis in a frog embryo
Somatic &Germ Cells
Somatic Cells:
Found in all body tissues except gonads.
Contain diploid numbers of chromosomes (2N).
Replacement of dead cells
Reproduce by mitotic division.
Functions:
1. Responsible for formation of different system and
organs.
2. Have other specific functions
e.x.: muscular system have myoplast for contraction and
relaxation .
nervous system have neurons for transmission of
impulses.
digestive system have secretory cells for secretion of
enzymes for digestion.
bone have osteoplasts make hardening of bone.
Lung have cells for respiration.
Germ Cells:
Found only in gonads (testes & ovary)
Contain haploid number of chromosomes (1N)
Reproduce by meiotic division (meiosis).
Function : Formation of gametes (male & female)
Primordial germ cells
Appears in the wall of the endodermal layer of the
yolk sac due to their large size and high content of
alkaline phosphatase , and migrate by amoeboid
movement toward the hind gut epithelium and
then through dorsal mesentery reach to the
primordia of the gonads ( primitive sex glands).
Become recognizable at 24 days post-fertilization.
Invading the genital ridges in the 6th week of
development.
The primordia of the gonads give a chemostatic
attractant for the germ cells.
Also may be the germ cells directed toward the
gonads by the mature of cellular and non-cellular
microenvironment that surround them.
Or by tissue rearrangement that occur in the early
embryos.
If they fail to reach the ridges, the gonads will not
develop.
So, it have the inductive influence on the
development of gonads into ovary and testes.
Determine sex of the embryo.
They will form different stages of spermatogenesis
and oogenesis in the future.
Found in adult in gonads (testes and ovary)
Basic Developmental Vocabulary
Questions?
Dr. Abdelalim Gadallah