MANAGING

INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION

CHAPTER 3

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
E. Wainright Martin  Carol V. Brown  Daniel W. DeHayes
Jeffrey A. Hoffer  William C. Perkins
 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
First and Second Generation Languages

1. Machine language (1GL)

 Each instruction must be expressed in unique form for a particular computer
 Complete program consists of thousands of instructions
 Programming was tedious, time-consuming process
2. Assembly languages (2GL)
 Use computer itself to perform many aspects of the programming
 Create a machine language program as output, that is then used by the
computer’s control unit

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Page 53
 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
First and Second Generation Languages

SOURCE OBJECT
PROGRAM PROGRAM

(which can be
directly executed
on computer)

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 3

Figure 3.1 Assembler Translation Process Page 53
 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
Third and Fourth Generation Languages

3. Procedural Languages (3GL)

 Generally are machine independent.
 Express a step-by-step procedure developed by programmer
 Must be compiled or interpreted (translated into machine
language)
 Include FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, PL/1, PASCAL, ADA,
and C

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Page 53
 SOURCE OBJECT
PROGRAM PROGRAM

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 5 Figure 3.2 Compiling and Running Page 54
a Procedural Language Program
 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
Third and Fourth Generation Languages

4. Nonprocedural Languages (4GL)

 Also referred to as productivity languages
 Use more English-like statements for program instructions
 Easier to use, write, and less error-prone
 Use a built-in interpreter to convert to machine language
 Take much longer to execute than 3GLs
 Include FOCUS, CA-Ramis, IFPS, and SAS

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Page 55
 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
Third and Fourth Generation Languages

Object-Oriented (Visual) Languages

 3GLs with some 4GL features
 Built on idea of embedding procedures (methods) in
objects, and putting objects together to create an
application
 Include Smalltalk, C++, Java, and Visual Basic

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 8

Figure 3.4 The Software Iceberg Page 55
 KEY TYPES OF SOFTWARE
1. Applications software
2. Support software

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 9

Figure 3.4 The Software Iceberg Page 56
 APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
 Programs written to accomplish particular tasks
 Diverse … some general-purpose and some specific
 Examples include:
 General ledger accounting
 Portfolio management
 Sales forecasting
 Material requirements planning (MRP)
 Electronic mail
 Desktop publishing

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Page 56-57
 APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
Personal Productivity Software
 Word processing
 Spreadsheets
 Presentation graphics
 Electronic mail and groupware
 Database management systems
 Desktop publishing
 Web browsers
 Statistical packages

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Page 59-63
 SUPPORT SOFTWARE
The Operating System

Operating system –
complex program that controls operation of computer
hardware and coordinates other software

 User communicates with operating system software to

control hardware and software resources
 Communication made easier with a graphical user
interface (GUI) feature

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Page 66
 SUPPORT SOFTWARE
The Operating System

Multiprogramming –
employed on larger machines to overlap input and output
operations with processing time, keeping the CPU busy
and speeding up execution

Multitasking –
similar to multiprogramming, but employed on
microcomputers

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Page 66-67
 SUPPORT SOFTWARE
The Operating System

 Virtual Memory
 Concerned with management of main memory
 Makes it appear more memory available than actually is
 Used only on larger computers
 Permits multiprogramming to operate more efficiently

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Page 67
 SUPPORT SOFTWARE
The Operating System

 Sources of Operating Systems

Open systems –
not tied to any particular computer system or hardware
manufacturer –and
 Examples: UNIX will run on virtually any computer system
Linux

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Page 68
 SUPPORT SOFTWARE
The Operating System

 Sources of Operating Systems

Network operating systems (NOS) –

software running on a server that manages network
 Enhanced operating system to allow for
 sharing disk drives and printers
resources and
 handling server side controls the operation of a network
of client/server applications

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Page 68
 SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Third Generation Languages

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 34 Table 3.1 Stages in the Program Page 70
Development Process
 SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Third Generation Languages

 Most popular procedural languages:

 BASIC
 C
 COBOL

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Page 70-75
 SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Database Management Systems

 DBMS – support software used to create, manage, and

protect organizational data
 Database – shared collection of logically related data
organized to meet organizational needs
 Relational DBMS
 Most common type
 Data arranged in simple tables
 Records related by storing common data in each
associated table
 Examples: Microsoft Access and SQL Server, Paradox,
DB2, and Ingres

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Page 87
 SUPPORT SOFTWARE
File Organization
 Sequential – arranges
records physically
adjacent and in order
by some (usually
unique) sort key

 Direct – uses key for

records placed so that
they are rapidly
accessed from DASDs

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 55

Figure 3.20 File Organizations Page 88
 SUPPORT SOFTWARE
File Organization
 Indexed
 Compromise between
sequential and direct
 Record keys only
arranged in sequence
in a separate table,
along with location of
rest of data associated
with that key
 Popular types include
ISAM and VSAM

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 56

Figure 3.20 File Organizations Page 88
 MANAGING
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION

CHAPTER 4
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING

E. Wainright Martin  Carol V. Brown  Daniel W. DeHayes

Jeffrey A. Hoffer  William C. Perkins
 THE NEED FOR NETWORKING
 Sharing of technology resources
 Sharing of data
 Distributed data processing and client/server systems
 Enhanced communications
 Marketing outreach

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Page 96-97
 AN OVERVIEW OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING
Networking –
the electronic linking of geographically dispersed devices

Telecommunications –
communications (voice and data) at a distance

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Page 97-98
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 65 Table 4.1 Functions of a Page 98
Telecommunications Network
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Analog and Digital Signals

 Analog network uses continuous voltage varying as

a function of time
 Example: voice over telephone lines

 Digital network directly transmits two discrete states

 Note: 0 for pulse off and 1 for pulse on

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Page 98-100
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Analog and Digital Signals
 Modem
 Device needed when transmitting data over analog lines
 Converts data from digital to analog to be sent over analog
telephone lines
 Also reconverts data back to digital after data transmission
 Abbreviation for modulator/demodulator

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Page 99
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Analog and Digital Signals

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 68

Figure 4.1 Use of Modem in Analog Network Page 99
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Speed of Transmission

Bandwidth –
• difference between highest and lowest frequencies
(cycles per second) that can be transmitted on a
single medium
• common measure of a medium’s capacity

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Page 100
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Speed of Transmission
 Hertz – cycles per second
 Baud – number of signals sent per second
 Bits per second (bps) – number of bits sent per second

When
: each cycle sends one signal that transmits exactly one
e
Not bit of data (often the case), then the three terms are identical

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Page 100
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Transmission Lines
 Switched line system
 Example: public telephone system
 Uses switching centers to route signals along best possible path to
destination
 Private (dedicated) lines
 Leased from companies such as MCI, Sprint, AT&T
 Use direct physical lines between source and destination

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Page 101
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Transmission Lines

 Simplex – data travels in one direction only

 Half-duplex – data can travel in both directions, but only one
direction at a time
 Full-duplex – data travels in both directions at the same time

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Page 101
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Transmission Media

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Page 101
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Transmission Media Typical Speeds

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 74 Table 4.2 Telecommunications Page 101

Transmission Speeds
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Transmission Media

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 75

Figure 4.3 Construction of a Coaxial Cable Page 102
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Transmission Media

Wireless –
broadcast technology in which radio signals are sent out
into the air

 Cordless telephone  Microwave

 Cellular phone  Satellite
 Wireless LAN

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Page 102
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Transmission Media

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 77

Figure 4.4 Satellite Communications Page 102
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Transmission Lines
 Fiber-optic cabling
 Newest transmission medium
 Transmits data by pulses of light through thin fiber of glass
 Much faster than other media
 Thinner … requires less space
 More secure … harder to tap

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Page 105-106
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Topology of Networks

Topology –
term used to describe the configuration or arrangement
of network devices and media

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Page 106
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Topology of Networks

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 80

Figure 4.5 Network Topologies Page 106
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Computer Telecommunications Networks
 Private branch exchange (PBX) Networks
 Local Area Networks (LANs)
 Backbone Networks
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Internet
 Internet2

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Computer Telecommunications Networks
 Emanates from a single medium or large computer
 Usually arranged as a tree
 Uses coaxial and twisted pair cabling
 Controlled by central computer
 Often has a front-end processor to handle all aspects of telecommunications

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Page 108
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 83 Figure 4.7 Computer Page 108
Telecommunications Network
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Private Branch Exchanges (PBX)
 Originally analog, today usually digital
 Can serve as the central device in a star or ring network
 Can function as front-end processor for mainframe

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Private Branch Exchanges (PBX)
 Advantages:
 Can connect ALL telecommunications devices in a building or campus
 Can use existing telephone wiring
 Can carry voice and data over same network
 Has a high-potential throughput

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Page 109
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 86 Figure 4.8 Schematic Representation Page 109
of a PBX
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Local Area Networks
 Owned by a single organization
 Operate within area 2-3 miles in diameter
 Contain a number of intelligent devices, usually microcomputers, that can process data … based on peer-to-peer relationship
 No part of telephone system, have their own wiring

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Page 109
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Local Area Networks
 LAN Topologies and Standards
 Contention bus design … IEEE 802.3
 Token bus design … IEEE 802.4
 Token ring design … IEEE 802.5
 Wireless design … IEEE 802.11

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Page 109
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Local Area Networks
 Contention Bus Design (Ethernet)
 Bus topology
 Implemented with coax or twisted pair
 Usually half-duplex
 All devices contend for use of cable
 Design now called Shared Ethernet … uses a contention bus as its logical topology and implemented with a physical star arrangement …

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Page 110
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 90 Figure 4.9 Shared Ethernet Topology: Page 109
Logical Bus, Physical Star
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Local Area Networks
 Switched Ethernet
 Newer variation, better performance, higher price
 Uses switch instead of hub
 Operates both logical and physical star
 Each device has own dedicated circuit

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Page 110
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Local Area Networks
 Token Bus
 Employs bus topology, no contention
 Uses single token passed around to all devices in order
 Device can only transmit when has token
 Central to Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) – connects robots and other machines on assembly line by a LAN

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 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Local Area Networks
 Token Ring
 Device attached to ring must seize token before can send a message
 Collisions cannot occur
 Usual implementation is physical star, logical ring

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Page 111
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Local Area Networks
 Wireless LAN
 Known as Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)
 Growing in demand for corporate and home use
 Use IEEE 802.11 standards with shared Ethernet design
 Requires use of wireless network interface card (NIC)
 Wireless Access Point (WAP) – radio transceiver that acts as a hub

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Page 111
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 95 Figure 4.10 Wireless Local Area Network Page 112
Topology
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Backbone Network
In-between network that interconnects LANs in a single organization with each other and
with organization’s WAN and the Internet

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Page 113
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Backbone network terminology:
 Bridge – connects two LANs using same protocol
 Router (gateway) – connects two or more LANs that may use different protocols
 Switch – connects more than two LANs using the same protocols

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 97

Page 113
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 98
Figure 4.11 Sample Backbone Network Page 112
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Communicate voice and data across greater distances
 Usually owned by several organizations (including user organization and common carrier)
 Employ point-to-point transmission
 Often rely on public telephone network

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Page 114
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of WANs
 Switched-circuit
 Direct distance dialing (DDD)
 Wide Area Telephone Service (WATS)
 Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN)
 Dedicated-circuit
 Leased lines
 Satellite

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Page 115
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of WANs
 Packet-switched
 Shared private lines using store-and-forward data transmission
 Permits multiple connections to exist simultaneously over the
same physical circuit

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Page 116
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of WANs
 ATM – fast packet switching with short, fixed-length packets
 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) – provide same as private packet-
switched network using the public Internet

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Page 117
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Types of Networks
 The Internet
 Network of networks that use the TCP/IP protocol
 Contain gateways to computers that do not use TCP/IP
 Provides four basic functions:
 Electronic mail
 Remote login
 Discussion groups
 Sharing of data resources

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Page 117-118
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 104
Table 4.4 Internet Applications Page 118
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
DSL, Cable Modem, and Satellite
 Internet access services:
 Digital subscriber line (DSL) – service offered by telephone companies using copper wire already installed in
homes … moving data over wires without disturbing voice traffic
 Cable modem – connection obtained from cable TV company using existing home coaxial cable
 Satellite – most expensive, but may be only option for customers in rural areas

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Page 120
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Intranets

Intranet –
a network operating within an organization that uses
the TCP/IP protocol

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Page 122
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Network Protocols

Protocol –
agreed-upon set of rules governing communication
among layers or levels of a network

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Page 124
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Network Protocols
 LAN protocols:
 Contention bus
 Token bus
 Token ring
 Wireless
 IBM’s own protocol – Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

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Page 124
 KEY ELEMENTS OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
Network Protocols
 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) network
protocol – Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI)
 Thought to become the only standard for networking
 Gained momentum until Internet explosion
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
 Has become the de facto standard for networking today

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 109

Page 124-125
 NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
 GSM

BSS NSS
BSC GMSC
GMSC
ME BSC
ME
TRAU
TRAU MSC
MSC
SIM
SIM
BTS VLR HLR
HLR
BTS VLR
MS AuC
AuC
EIR
EIR
Circuit switched
connection
Signaling

Database
 GSM/GPRS

BSS NSS
BSC GMSC
GMSC
TE ME BSC
TE ME
PCU
PCU MSC
MSC
SIM
SIM
VLR HLR
HLR
VLR
M BTS
BTS AuC
AuC
S
SGSN
SGSN EIR
EIR

• New MS/terminals
• Packet Control Unit (PCU) IP
GGSN
GGSN
• SGSN and GGSN routers backbon
e
• software updates (BTS, HLR)
 UMTS

Radio access network Core network (GSM/GPRS-

UTRAN based)

PSTN
Iub RNC
RNC MSC
MSC GMSC
GMSC
Iu CS
BS VLR
VLR
BS
UE
UE Iur HLR
HLR
Uu
AuC
AuC
Iub RNC
RNC SGSN
SGSN
Iu PS EIR
EIR
BS
BS Gn
IP Backbone GGSN
GGSN

database

Internet
 GSM + UMTS

2G MS (voice only) CN
BSS
E PSTN
Abis A PSTN
B
2G+ MS (voice & data) BSC MSC C GMSC
Gb D
BTS Gs VLR
SS7
H

RNS Gr HLR
ATM AuC Gc

Gn Gi
PSDN
RNC SGSN IP GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS Base Station System CN Core Network SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
HLR Home Location Register
RNS Radio Network System AuC Authentication Server
RNC Radio Network Controller GMSC Gateway MSC
HOW A CALL IS MADE
 Base Station Controller

Base Transceiver Station

Mobile Switching
Signaling channels
Center
carrying connectivity
information are
Postpaid Mobile User A transmitted back
and forth from MSC
to BSC
The HLR holds all
records of the caller; like
location of all
subscribers, prepaid or
postpaid, local, National,
Postpaid Mobile International etc. and Home Location
User B sends the data back to Register
MSC / VLR for call
Connectivity
Both users send voice Voice Channels
and connectivity
Signaling Channels
channels to their BTS
to connect to each Both are subscribers of
other same network
 Intelligent Networks (IN)

IN is
connected to
HLS for
balance
Base Station Controller inquiry

Base Transceiver Station

Mobile Switching Center

Prepaid Mobile User Home Location Register

Postpaid Mobile User

Voice Signal
Digital Signal
IN
Gateway MSC A
Gateway MSC B

MSC B

MSC A

HLR A HLR B

Prepaid Caller Postpaid Caller

Network A Network B
Voice Signal
Digital Signal
Mobilink’s Network Other Network
 IN Gateway MSC A
Gateway MSC B

International
Carrier

MSC B

MSC A

HLR A HLR B

Prepaid Caller Network Postpaid Caller

A in Islamabad Network A in Dubai
(Mobilink)
Voice Signal
(Etisalat)
Digital Signal

Mobilink’s Network in Etisalat’s Network in

Pakistan UAE
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 - 120 Figure 4.17 Data Transmission Page 126
Based on OSI Model
 THE EXPLODING ROLE OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING
 Online Operations
 Connectivity
 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and
Electronic Commerce
 Marketing

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Page 128-129
 THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INDUSTRY
 Carriers
 Own or lease the physical plant – cabling,
satellites, cellular towers, etc.
 Sell service of transmitting communication
from one location to another

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 THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INDUSTRY
 Equipment vendors
 Manufacture and sell LAN software and
hardware
 Includes routers, hubs, wireless access
points, digital switches, multiplexers, cellular
telephones, modems

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Page 130
 THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INDUSTRY
 Service providers
 Operate networks and deliver services
through the network
 Provide access to or services via the Internet
(such as AOL, Microsoft Network, Yahoo!, and
many ISPs

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