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• Assume at 17.9 = ?

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 Summary
•

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Damages by cavitation

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•
 4.6 Vapor pressure
• The pressure exerted by a vapor, when a state
of equilibrium has been reached between a
liquid and its vapor at a certain temperature,
is called the vapor pressure of the liquid. As
the temperature of liquid rises, vapor pressure
also rises and NPSH available decreases. Vapor
pressure is a function of a liquid and its
temperature. Under vacuum, however, the
process of vaporization accelerated.
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 4.7 Solid contents
• Sometimes pumps are required to handle solid
contents in the form of suspended materials in
liquids. Obviously, the pumps need large flow areas
in order to make a passage for the solids.
Centrifugal pumps are not capable of handling
solids more than 10% by weights. Non-clogging
pumps with robust impeller (generally open type)
are capable of handling solids upto 30% by weight.
Pump manufactures may help in selecting proper
pump to handle solid contents.
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 4.8 Water Hammer
• In a pumping installation energy necessary to move the water through
the pipeline is achieved by the pump. If a valve is suddenly closed at the
end of the discharge line, the moving water column is brought to a stop.
The kinetic energy given to the water column must be dissipated. Since
flow is stopped, the water column gets compressed, the pressure rises
and some of the kinetic energy is transformed to internal energy. If the
pressure rise in the pipe is sufficient it may rupture the pipe. The
pressure wave which started at the closed valve travels back upstream
continuing its dissipation of energy within the water and pipe wall. This
will continue until the kinetic energy is fully converted to internal energy.
• When there is sudden power failure, the kinetic energy of the rotating
parts of pump becomes so small that it cannot maintain flow against the
discharge head. The pump speed reduces and the flow through the pump
reverses. The pump starts immediately behaving like a turbine.
• The above phenomena is perceived as a series of shocks sounding like
hammer blows and known as water hammer.
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Protective measures against water hammer
To reduce the effects of water hammer the rise in pressure has to
be checked and that is possible by reducing the flow velocity. The
following means can help in accomplishing the reduction of
velocity.
• Pipe systems designed with low velocity
• Automatically controlled quick closing valves
• Pressure relief valves
• Accumulators/surge tanks/air vessels
• Flywheels
• Automatically controlled bypasses

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 4.9 Priming
• In pumps, the pressures has to be developed by the machines
itself and this is possible only when the pump is completely filled
initially with the liquid to be pumped. This operation is known as
priming. This is essential for satisfactory operation of a pump.
This is achieved through various arrangement as below.
• A flooded suction
• A non-return type foot valve
• A bypass around discharge check valve
• An ejector for priming
• A priming tank
• A vacuum pump

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4.10 Variation of speed and diameter

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• http://books.google.com.pk/books?
id=L500TH_MkbAC&printsec=frontcover#v=on
epage&q&f=false

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