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NUR MAHMUDAH
nurmahmudah12@gmail.com
CELL (EUKARYOT)
CELL CYCLE
Cells reproduce themselves.
Somatic cell (soma= body) :any cell of the body.
- during development
- wound healing
- stem cells in blood, small intestine, immune system
For cells to copy themselves they need to:
START
or
Restriction Point
proto-oncogenes
M Activity: stimulate cell cycle progression
Mutation in cancer: gain of function
G2 G1 proto-oncogene = wt; oncogene = mutant
Examples: cyclin D1, Mdm2, myc, ras
S
tumor suppressors
Activity: Inhibit cell cycle progression
Mutation in cancer: loss of function
Examples: Rb, p53, p16, ARF, PTEN
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
The Guardian Mechanisms of
the Genome
G1 or G2 arrest
If nutrient supply inadequate
G1 arrest
If an essential external stimulus is
lacking
G1 arrest (at R)
If the DNA is not replicated
S arrest
If DNA damage is detected
G1 or G2 arrest
If the spindle formation is improper,
chromosome misalignment R
M-phase arrest
S Phase of the Cell Cycle
MCM
Helicase
S Phase of the Cell Cycle
chromatin
Only one set of centrioles
(one centrosome)
Fully formed nuclear
membrane
Fully formed nucleolus
Mitosis in Newt
Lung Cells
blue = DNA
green = microtubules
START
or
Restriction Point
However, they are inactive unless they are bound by a specific partner-protein
called a cyclin to form a Cdk-cyclin complex
The amount of cyclins in the cell changes – because they get degraded
Mitosis
Phosphorylation of CDK Targets Changes Their Activi
Now performs
a cell cycle function
SOMATIC CELL CYCLE