Signal Theory And application

Questions?
• What’s signal?
• What’s system?

1-2
 Introduction:
Signals and Systems: What are they?

Signal:

A time-varying physical phenomenon to convey

information/message

Examples:
a dog’s barking, traffic lights, a car’s signal, emergency
light, a red light on top of a building, a heartbeat of a
patient, a blood pressure of a patient
1-3
 Introduction:
Signals and Systems: What are they?
System:
a combination of several components to
perform a desired task. It processes
input signal to produce output signal

Examples:
a communication system, a human sense system,
a traffic controller. Refer to CommSys.doc

1-4
 Classification of signals
CT or DT

Deterministic Random/stochastic

Periodic Even or Odd Aperiodic

Sinusoid Complex Transient Almost

periodic

Power, Energy
1-5
 CT and DT Signals
Continuous-time signal:
A signal x(t) is said to be a continuous-time signal if it is defined for all time t.
Example of a continuous signal? A sine wave signal
Example of a NOT continuous signal? A unit pulse signal

Discrete-time signal:
Is defined only at discrete instant of time
Is obtained by sampling the CT signal at a uniform rate
sampling means that acquiring the values of a signal at discrete points
in time and not between them.
Is a function of an argument that takes values from a discrete set
~x[n] where n  {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3...}
~We sometimes use “index” instead of “time” when discussing
discrete-time signals
~Values for x may be real or complex

Examples of CT and DT are shown in these figures

1-6
 Deterministic and Random Signals

Deterministic signal:
Signal which can be completely modeled as function of
time.
Examples: x1(t) = sin(20πt) for all t
x2(t) = cos(20πt) for all t

Random signal:
Signal which is processed using probability theory.

Examples of deterministic and random signals

1-7
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Periodic Signal?
• Periodic signal has the property that x(t)=x(t+T) for all t.
• The smallest value of T that satisfies the definition is called
the fundamental period.
• Below is an example of a periodic signal with T = 0.2 s :

1-8
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Aperiodic Signal?
– Any signal x(t) for which no value of T satisfies the
condition of x(t) = x(t+T)
– Below is an example of aperiodic signal:

1-9
 How to prove Periodic or Aperiodic
•To prove periodic, we need to determine T first:
For a simple sinusoid signal such as x(t)=10 sin(12πt), T = 1/6 (rational
number)

•Then use x(t + 1/6) = x(t) to confirm that it’s periodic:

 1   1 
x t    10 sin 12  t   
 6   6 
 10 sin 12t  2 
 10sin 12t  cos2   sin 2  cos12t 
 10 sin 12t  where cos2   1 and sin 2   0
 xt 
1-10
 How to prove Periodic or Aperiodic
• For a sum or a product of 2 signals, such as the following examples, it is periodic
if the ratio of their respective periods can be expressed as a rational number.

• Try these:
1. x(t)=10 sin(12πt) + 4 cos (18πt)
=> periodic, T1 =1/6 (rational) T2 =1/9 (rational) , T = 1/3
2. x(t)=10 sin(12πt) + 4 cos (18t)
=> aperiodic, T1 =1/6 (rational) T2 = π/9 (irrational), T = undetermined
3. x(t)=10 cos(πt) + sin (4πt)
=> periodic, T1 = 2 (rational) T2 = 1/2 (rational), T = 2

• Then, for those which are periodic, use x(t + T) = x(t) to confirm that they are
periodic. (try confirming them !)

1-11
 Even and Odd Signals
• Even Signal:
x(t) is an even signal if it is satisfies
x t   xt  for    t  

For example,
xt   cos2t 
x t   cos2 t   cos 2t   cos2t 
Thus, x t   xt 

1-12
 Even and Odd Signals
• Odd Signal:
x(t) is an odd signal if it is satisfies
x t    xt  for    t  

For example,
xt   sin 2t 
x t   sin 2 t   sin  2t    sin 2t 
Thus, x t    xt 

1-13
 Energy and Power Signals
If x(t) is a CT signal, its signal energy is

E  xt 
2
dt

However, this energy integral will not converge if it is infinite. An example of a
CT signal with infinite energy would be the sinusoidal signal xt   A cos 0t 
In this case, it is convenient to deal with the average signal power of the signal
instead of the signal energy. The average signal power of a CT signal is
T
2
xt  dt
1
Pave  lim 
2

T  T
T

2

t 0 T

 xt   xt 
1 1
For periodic signal : Pave  dt 
2 2
dt
T t0
T T

1-14
 Energy and Power Signals
Examples:
A) Find the total energy of the rectangular pulse shown in the figure below.
x(t)
A

Answer: A2T
t

B) Find the average power of the square wave shown in the figure below.
x(t)
B

… Answer: B2
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4
… -B

1-15
Thank You

1-16