Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS AND MAINTENANCE

ASPECTS

D P Srinivasa Murthy
Asst. Executive Engineer
Karnataka Power Corporation Limited

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects
Prime Mover
WIND Generator
Energy STEAM

Source GAS Turbine Exciter

WATER

Step Up
Generator Transformer

Bus-I

Out door/Switch Yard

Bus-II
Out Going Line

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

OUTDOOR SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS

 Incoming Lines
 Outgoing Lines
 Bus bar
 Transformers
 Insulators
 Substation Equipment such as Circuit breakers, Isolators, Earthing switches, surge Arresters, CTs,
VTs, Neutral Grounding Equipment,
 Station Earthing system comprising ground mat, risers, earthing strips, earthing spikes,
 Overhead earth wire shielding against lightning strokes, or,
 lightning masts,
 Galvanized steel structures for towers, gantries, equipment supports,
 PLCC Equipment including line trap, tuning unit, coupling capacitor etc.,
 Power cables,
 Control cables for protection & control,
 Roads, Railway track, cable trenches,
 Station lighting system.

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

BUS BARS
The Bus Bar arrangement in any Sub Station
is based on the following.
 Degree of flexibility desired.
 Importance of the Loads fed from the Sub Station,
freedom of availing total shut down and it’s period.
 Economic consideration, availability and cost.
 Technical considerations.
 Maintenance, Safety of Persons.
 Provision of extension.
 Simplicity.
 Protective zones.

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

OPERATING MECHANISM

Compressed Air Open/Close

Compressed Air Open/Spring Close

Hydraulic Open/Close

Spring Open/Close
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 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

CONDITION MONITORING OF BREAKERS

Timing Measurement

Tan delta measurement of grading capacitors

Dew point measurement of SF6

Static Contact resistance measurement

DCRM with travel measurement

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Is an equipment which measure the line
current and protect the system , it consist
of primary and secondary windings.
TYPES OF CORE
APPLICATION
CORE-1 DISTANCE PROTECTION I
CORE-2 O/C,LBB “
CORE-3 MEATERING “
CORE-4 BUS-1 “
CORE-5 BUS-2 “

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

Surge Arresters

Surge Arresters are

provided to discharge the
Switching Over Voltage
and Lightning Over
Voltages to Earth
protectline/equipments.

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

SURGE ARRESTORS
Applications
• Protection of AIS and GIS substation equipment
• Protection of AC and DC traction systems
• HVDC protection
• Protection of series capacitor banks
• Protection of cables
• Protection of transmission lines
• Installation in polluted areas and areas with high
seismic activities

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects
TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS
Routine tests Type tests Special test
 Ratio test  Magnetizing current measurement
 Polarity & phase at low voltage
relationship
 Winding resistance  Magnetic balance test
measurement  Zero phase sequence impedance of
 Insulation  Impulse test – Lightning
Impulse transformer
resistance  Measurement of Harmonics of no
measurement
 Dielectric tests  Temperature Rise Test load current.
 - Applied voltage or
power frequency  Auxiliary loss measurement of  Switching Impulse Test
test cooling gear (Fans, Pumps)  Short Circuit Withstand Capability-
 - Induced over Dynamic
voltage test  Noise level measurement
 Partial Discharge Measurement
 Noloadloss &
excitation current Test
measurement  FRA (Frequency response analysis)
 Loadloss &  Thermography with thermo-vision
impedance volta camera during temp-rise test

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

INTER CONNECTING TRANSFORMER

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

INTER CONNECTING TRANSFORMER

1. One single winding is used as
primary winding as well as
secondary winding.
2. But in two windings transformer
two different windings are used for
primary and secondary purpose.
3. Copper Savings in Auto Transformer
4. Generally used for ICTs where Ratio
is 1:2

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

PLCC EQUIPMENTS
Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

STATION EARTHING
The non current carrying metallic parts in every electrical sub
station are connected to the under ground earthing mesh called
Earth Mat at earth potential for the safety of the personnel and for
discharging fault currents. This system is called ‘Equipment
Earthing’.
The station earthing should have low earth resistance; low touch
potential and low step potential.

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 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

TOUCH POTENTIAL
• It is the Potential difference between a
step & the tip of the raised hand
touching a substation structure during
the flow of the earth fault current
through the latter.
Vt= Ib x (Rb+Rs)
Vt= Touch potential.
Ib= Tolerable body current.
Rb= Body Resistance.
Rs= Resistance of one step.

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 STEP POTENTIAL Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

• It is the potential difference between

two steps of a person standing on the
substation floor during the flow of
earth fault current.
Vs = Ib x (Rb+ 2Rs)
Rb= Resistance of human body=1000
ohms
Rs= Resistance between foot & ground.
Ib= Tolerable value of current through
human body.

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects
EARTH MAT DESIGN

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects
HOT LINE WATERWASHING OF INSULATORS

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

FAILURE OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”

 Switch Yard Equipment's and Maintenance aspects

THANK YOU

One day workshop on “ Thermal Power Generation Issues- A Practical Approach”