Orígenes de Corea y sus

primeros desarrollos
Desde la Prehistoria hasta la dinastía Goryeo
Notas Iniciales

Romanización
Revisada por Corea del Sur, 2000
McCune–Reischauer
Corea del Norte
Yale
 Prehistoria
• Paleolíico
Cronología Básica • Neolítico 8000-2000 a.C
• Bronce 2000-300 a.C
Ámbito geográfico Protohistoria
• Gojoseon s. VII a.C. – 108 a.C.
peninsular • Dominio Han 108 a.C. - 313
• Samhan I – III d.C.
Tres Reinos
• Goguryeo 37 a.C - 668
Sucesión de • Baekche 18 a.C. - 660
estados antiguos • Silla 57 a.C. - 935
• Gaya 42 a.C. - 562
Silla Unificada/Balhae
• Silla Unificada 676 – 935
• Balhae 698 - 926
Dinastía Goryeo 918 - 1392
Dinastía Joseon 1392 - 1910
Marco
Geográfico
 Neolítico,
8000 -2000 a.C
Culturas:
• Neolítico Inferior
• Neolítico Medio
• Jeulmun (decoración incisa,
“peinada”): vasos con sección en
V
• Neolítico Superior
• Vasos con fondo plano y
decoración en zigzag

Sociedades horizontales con muy baja

división social

Economía:
• Cazadora-recolectora
• Agricultura
 Bronce
2000 – 300 a.C.
Cultura Material
• Cultura Cerámica Mumun (cerámica
lisa cocida en hornos de baja
temperatura)
• Dólmenes y enterramientos de cista
• Cultura de Dagas de bronce
• Forma de violín
• Formas alargadas y finas

• Asentamientos elevados y amurallados

Economía Agrícola e inicio la

especialización laboral
• Artesanos del bronce
 Dolmen
Distribución de dólmenes
• Norte
• Sur
Tipología
• Tipo Mesa
• Tipo tablero de Go
• Piedra de cierre sin soportes
Concentración
• Grupos de 3-4, 30-40, 100+
• Uso continuado del espacio
funerario
 Cultura Material
de Bronce
Dagas de Bronce
• En forma de Mandolina
• Forma alargada
Espejos de bronce

Estratificación Social

Joseon
• Joseon Antiguo s. VII – III a.C.
• Wiman Joseon s. III – 108 a.C.
• Persona de Yao
• Relación con Han
 Hierro I y Hierro II
 Transición de la Prehistoria a la
Protohistoria
• Fuentes Chinas: Guanzi (Joseon)
26 a.C., Hou Han Shu, Sanguozhi s.
III
• Fuentes Coreanas: Samguk Yusa,
Samguk Sagi, s.XII-XIII
• Fuentes Japonesas: Nihon Shoki,
s.VII
 Arqueología: hasta el s. III es muy
difícil hablar de Estado arcaico
en el sur peninsular
 Proceso de expansión del hierro
 s. IV – s. I a.C.
 Norte – Sur
 Estratificación Social acuciada
 ¿Cuándo surge el primer estado
en la Península?
 Joseon antiguo – Wiman Joseon
 Colonias Han
 Buyo
 Okcho, Ye del Este
 Samhan: Jinhan, Manhan,
Byeonhan
 Tres Reinos: Goguryeo, Baekche,
Silla, Gaya
 Comercio de larga distancia:
hierro
 Depósitos del sur peninsular

 國 en las fuentes
 Conquista Han en el valle del
río Daedong: Lelang
 Transmisión de conocimiento
técnico y influencia cultural y
política
Sociedades aristocráticas bajo control
real  Baekche:
 Goguryeo:
 Rey Taejo (53 – 146?): sucesión
dentro de la casa real
 Rey Micheon en 313 destruye Lelang
 Goguryeo: reforma y expansión en el
s.IV-V
 Rey Sosurim (371 - 384)
 Budismo
 Academia confuciana (372)
 Código administrativo (373
 Rey Gwangaeto (391 – 413)
 Expansión territorial del reino
 Cambio de capital 427, de T’ung-kou
a la rivera en la zona de Pyeongyang
 Mahan
 Confederación en el río Han
 Rey Koi (234 - 286):
 asalto por parte de Lelang
(246)
 Centralización del estado:
ministros (262)
 Rey Geun Chogo (346 – 375):
finaliza la centralización del
estado y la conformación del
reino
 Línea dinástica
 Consortes de un único clan
 Sogi, crónica del reino
 Budismo: 384
 Rey Seong: capital en Buyeo (475)
Estela de Gwanggaeto
 Estela de Gwanggaeto
Gazing over the ford, the king said, "I am Ch'umo, son of August
Heaven and the daughter of the Earl of the River. Weave together the
bullrushes for me so that the turtles will float to the surface." And no
sooner had he spoken than [the God of the River] wove the bullrushes
so that the turtles floated to the surface, whereupon he crossed over
the river. Upon the mountain-fort west of Cholbon in Piryu Valley he
established his capital, wherein his family would long enjoy the
hereditary position. Accordingly, he [ritually] summoned the Yellow
Dragon to come down and "meet the king." The King was on the hill
east of Cholbon, and the Yellow Dragon took him on its back and
ascended to Heaven.
He left a testamentary command to his heir apparent, King
Yuryu, that he should conduct his government in accordance
with the Way. Great King Churyu succeeded to rule and the
throne was handed on, [eventually] to the seventeenth in
succession, [who], having ascended the throne at twice-nine
[i.e., eighteen], was named King Yongnak ("Eternal Enjoyment").
His gracious beneficence blended with that of the August
Heaven; and with his majestic military virtue he encompassed
the Four Seas like a [spreading] willow tree and swept out [the
Nine Tribes of Barbarians (Kui),] thus bringing tranquility to his rule.
His people flourished in a wealthy state, and the five grains
ripened abundantly.
But Imperial Heaven was pitiless, and at thirty-nine he expired in
majesty, forsaking his realm. On the twenty-ninth day, uryu, of
the ninth month of the kabin year [28 October 414] his body was
moved to its tumulus, whereupon we erected this stele, with an
inscription recording his glorious exploits to make them manifest
to later generations.
Paekchan [Paekche] and Silla had long been our subject
peoples and such had brought tribute to our court. But the Wa
[the Yamato Polity in Japan] had, since the sinmyo year [391],
been coming across the sea to wreak devastation. Paekche [in
concert with them] invaded Silla and subjected its people.
In the sixth year, pyongsin [396], the King personally led his naval
force to chastise Paekche. The army, [marching by separate
routes], first attacked and took eighteen fortified towns, after
which they [advanced and laid siege to] that state's capital.
The enemy, rather than bring their spirit into submission, dared to
come out and fight numerous battles. Flaring up in terrible rage,
the King crossed the Ari River. He sent his vanguard to put
pressure on the city, and [with a lateral thrust and frontal assault]
they seized the capital. The Paekche king (Chan wang), in dire
straits, proffered a thousand male and female captives and a
thousand bolts of fine cloth.
Pledging his allegiance to our king, the Paekche king swore a
solemn oath: "From this time on I shall forever be your slave-
guest." Our King graciously granted him pardon for his [earlier]
transgressions and formally recorded the sincerity of his pledge
of obedience. Thereupon, [having taken possession of] fifty-
eight towns and seven hundred villages, he turned his army
around and returned to his capital, bringing with him the
Paekche king's (Chan wang's) younger brother and ten great
officers.
In the ninth year, kihae, of Yongnak [ AD 399], Paekchan
[Paekche], in violation of its sworn oath, concluded a peace
with the Wa. The king responded by making a tour down to
P'yonyang, where an envoy sent from Silla reported to him,
saying "The Wa people have filled our territory and are
overwhelming and smashing our walls and moats. Since, as
slave-guests, we have become your subject people, we take
refuge in Your Majesty and ask for your command." The great
king in his benevolence praised the sincerity of their loyalty and
sent the envoy home to impart [a secret plan] to the Silla king.
In the tenth year, kyongja [AD 400], the king sent five
myriads of troops, both foot and horse, to go to the aid of
Silla. The whole area from Namgo-song to the Silla capital
was filled with Wa people. At the approach of our
government troops the Wa enemy retreated. [Our
government troops came following their tracks; attacking
the Wa] from behind, our troops reached Chongbal-song
in Imna gara, which forthwith surrendered.
The troops of the Alla people seized the Silla capital. It was
full of Wa people, who flooded over the walls [in flight?].
In the fourteenth year, kapchin [AD 404], the Wa rose up
and made an incursion into the territory Daebang. The
king's forces, having waited for them at a critical point,
surprised and assaulted them. The Wa marauders [Woegu]
were utterly defeated, and countless numbers of them
had their throats cut.
In the seventeenth year, chongmi [AD 407], the king issued
instructions for the dispatch of five myriads of troops, foot
and horse, [to wipe out the Wa marauders once and for
all. When the marauders turned back and invaded
P'yongyang, the royal] army engaged them in battle,
smiting them mightily and wiping them out entirely.
 Silla: confederación con el Rey
Naemul (356 – 402)
 Confederación en torno a
Saro (Gyeongju)
 Tensión con Baekche por
medio de Gaya y alianza con
Goguryeo
 Centralización segunda mitad
s. V
 Expansión económica
 Uso del término Wang
 Rey Beopheung (514 – 540)
 Código de derecho
administrativo: graduación de
oficiales en 17 grados
 Budismo 535
 Rey Chinheung (540 – 576):
expansión por el Han y Gaya
Organización Política y Social de los
Tres Reinos
 Silla: linajes aristocráticos  Proceso de integración al sistema
de estructura en principio externas
 Golpum (rango de hueso): línea
hereditaria y base de la  Consejo de Nobles: composición
(extraordinario nivel y extraordinario
organización social. Linajes nivel 2), principio de unanimidad
 Linaje del rey
 Ejército:
 Acceso al trono
 Comandantes
 Altos puestos en la administración y
ejército  Campamentos en las provincias

 Diferenciaciones culturales (ropa,  “vasallos”

posición en ceremonias, etc)  Hwarang
 Organización territorial: castillos y
provincias
 Campesinos (impuestos) y esclavos
Unificación de la
Península: Silla
 Goguryeo: guerra con Sui y Tang,
s.VII
 Alianza Tang – Silla
 Conquista conjunta de Baekche
 Ataque conjunto contra
Goguryeo
 667, ataque conjunto contra
Goguryeo. Derrota en 668
 Tang: sistema de control
provincial para toda la península
 Comandancias en Baekche y
Goguryeo
 Gran Comandancia de Kyerim
 Comandancia para Pacificar el
Este
 Compaña contra Tang
 671, control sobre Baekche
 676, derrota de Tang y expulsión
de la península
 Límites de Silla
 Conformación de Balhae (ch.
P’ohai)
 General de Goguryeo, Tae Cho-
yeong
 Centralización del poder real por
 Composición étnica de Balhae:
goguryeo y malgal
 Fin por la invasión khitan de 926
 Tensiones Silla – Balhae - Tang
 Expansión cultural Tang en la
región
 Esfera cultural
 Confucianismo
 Budismo
 Importación de libros
 Sistema tributario
medio del linaje real frente a la
aristocracia
 Política matrimonial
 Reforma del ejército: 9 divisiones
de abanderados y 10 cuarteles
 Las Familias aristocráticas
y el fin de Silla
• Problemas del sistema de “rango
auténtico”
• Lucha entre familias aristocráticas contra el
trono

• Limitación del talento en la administración

(Choe Chiweon)
• Contraste con Tang

• Familias poderosas periféricas

• Chang Po-go y el comercio con Tang
• Ejercito privado

• Revueltas:
• Campesinos: Sangju 889

• Bandidos

• Gyeonhhweon y Kungye

• Goguryeo y Baekche de nuevo

• Wang Geon sucede a Kungye, 918

• Fundación de Goryeo
Goryeo
 Pacificación de la Península
 Goryeo contra Baekche
 Derrota en la región de Andong

 Política de conciliación
 Emigrados de Balhae
 Silla

 Creación de la Dinastía de
Goryeo: Rey Taejo (Wang Geon)
 Reformulación del Gobierno
 Colaboración con familias
terratenientes
 Política matrimonial

 Esclavos
 Sistema de exámenes civiles
Los 10 Mandatos de Wang Geon
(Goryeosa)
1. The success of every great undertaking of our state depends upon the favor
and protection of Buddha. Therefore, the temples of both the Meditation and
Doctrinal schools should be built and monks should be sent out to those
temples to minister to Buddha. Later on, if villainous courtiers attain power and
come to be influenced by the entreaties of bonzes, the temples of various
schools will quarrel and struggle among themselves for gain. This ought to be
prevented.
2. Temples and monasteries were newly opened and built upon the sites
chosen by Monk Tosŏn according to the principles of geomancy. He said: ‘If
temples and monasteries are indiscriminately built at locations not chosen by
me, the terrestrial force and energy will be sapped and damaged, hastening
the decline of the dynasty.’ I am greatly concerned that the royal family, the
aristocracy, and the courtiers all may build many temples and monasteries in
the future in order to seek Buddha’s blessings. In the last days of Silla many
temples were capriciously built. As a result, the terrestrial force and energy
were wasted and diminished, causing its demise. Vigilantly guard against this.
3. In matters of royal succession, succession by the eldest legitimate royal issue
should be the rule. But Yao of ancient China let Shun succeed him because his
own son was unworthy. This was indeed putting the interests of the state
ahead of one’s personal feelings. Therefore, if the eldest son is not worthy of
the crown, let the second eldest succeed to the throne. If the second eldest,
too, is unworthy, choose the brother the people consider the best qualified for
the throne.
4. In the past we have always had a deep attachment for the ways of China
and all of our institutions have been modeled upon those of T’ang. But our
country occupies a different geographical location and our people’s
character is different from that of the Chinese. Hence, there is no reason to
strain our selves unreasonably to copy the Chinese way. Khitan is a nation of
savage beasts, and its language and customs are also different. Its dress and
institutions should never be copied.
5. I have achieved the great task off founding the dynasty with the help of the
elements of mountain and river of our country. The Western Capital,
P’yŏngyang, has elements of water in its favor and is the source of the
terrestrial force of our country. It is thus the veritable center of dynastic
enterprises for ten thousand generations. Therefore, make a royal visit to the
Western Capital four times a year — in the second, fifth, eighth, and eleventh
months — and reside there a total of more than one hundred days. By this
means secure peace and prosperity.
6. I deem the two festivals of Yŏndŭng and P’algwan of great spiritual value
and importance. The first is to worship Buddha. The second is to worship the
spirit of heaven, the spirits of the five sacred and other major mountains and
rivers, and the dragon god. At some future time, villainous courtiers may
propose the abandonment or modification of these festivals. No change
should be allowed.
10. In preserving a household or state, one should always be on guard to avert
mistakes. Read widely in the classics and history; take the past as a warning for
the present. The Duke of Chou was a great sage, yet he sought to admonish
his nephew, King Ch’eng, with Against Luxurious East (Wu i). Post the contents
of Against Luxurious East on the wall and reflect upon them when entering and
leaving the room.
 Rey Seongjong (981 - 997) y Choe Seung-no  Ejército profesional
 Sociedad aristocrática dentro de una  Tierras asignadas a los soldados
burocracia centralizada
 2 Unidades de Guardas
 Sistema regional de magistrados enviados
desde la corte  6 Divisiones
 Reforma del gobierno local (limita el poder de  Consejo de Generales
la aristocracia local  Sistema de Examinación Civil
 Educación confuciana para los hijos de la élite  Diferentes currículos
 Apertura del poder central a más clanes
 Sistema Educativo
 Importancia de la política matrimonial
 Los 6 Colegios de la Capital para
 Gobierno central estudiar los clásicos chinos
 3 Cancillerías  Nombramiento protegido
 Directorio de Cancilleres
 Consejo Privado, Todang
 Gobierno territorial
 12 provincias
 Gobernador
 Funcionarios locales
 Conflicto Goryeo – Khitan  Discriminación del ejército frente
 Política de expansión norte
a la burocracia civil
 Expedición 993  Descontento > revuelta militar

 Diplomacia de Seo Heui  1170 golpe militar

 Lucha Khitan - Song  Organización del Chungbang:
consejo militar supremo
 Reacción Khitan posterior, 1010 y
1018  Gran riqueza y poder para
 Derrota Khitan
algunos militares
 Organización de fuerzas privadas
 Conflicto Goryeo – Jurchen y ruptura del orden
 Unificación de elementos Jurchen
 Choe Chung-heon: poder militar
bajo Wan-yen
sobre el trono
 Derrota de Goryeo por su falta de  Ejército privado tomó las
Caballería funciones del público con cargo
al estado
 Organización de Cuerpo Militar
Extraordinario
 Caballería ye infantería
 Aristocracia, campesinos libres y
monjes
 Organización de la dinastía Chin

Invasión Mongol
 Demanda de pago de tributo
 Delegación mongola asesinada en
1225
 Casus belli para la invasión de 1231
 Creación de
 Relocalización de la Capital (1232)
en Kanghwa-do y extracción de
impuestos por rutas marítimas
 Invasiones recurrentes mongolas:
1254, 1258
 Traición interna dirigida por los
administradores civiles en colusión
con algunos militares para deponer
al clan Choe (1258)
 Se tardó en eliminar la influencia
militar antes de devolver el poder al
rey
 Resistencia de los Tres Patrullas de
Élite (1271-73)
 Paz final con los mongoles y política
pro-Yuan
 Participación en las expediciones
contra Kamakura (1274 y 1281)
 Los reyes de Goryeo debían tomar
como esposas princesas Yuan
como primeras esposas
 Estado vasallo de Yuan
 Organización de Comandancias
Yuan en la península hasta 1356
 El poder Yuan promocionó ciertas
figuras de la aristocracia
terrateniente para conseguir sus
objetivos
 Reinado de Kongmin (1351-1374)
 Ascendencia Ming en China
 Política agresiva contra Yuan
 Política contra las familias pro-Yuan
 Sin Ton como medio para la reforma
y purga del gobierno junto a la
reforma agraria
 Rey y Primer ministro fueron
asesinados