Family Planning

Prepared by:
Group 2
Introduction:

Family planning
o Planning of WHEN to have children
o Regulates NUMBER and SPACING
o Use of BIRTH CONTROL and other
TECHNIQUES
o Further defined in PRIMARY
HEALTHCARE
Reproduction

 is the biological process by which new

individual organisms – "offspring" – are
produced from their "parents".
Reproduction is a fundamental feature
of all known life; each individual
organism exists as the result of
reproduction. There are two forms of
reproduction: asexual and sexual.
In asexual reproduction,
 an organism can reproduce without the
involvement of another organism. Asexual
reproduction is not limited to single-celled
organisms. The cloning of an organism is a
form of asexual reproduction. By asexual
reproduction, an organism creates a
genetically similar or identical copy of
itself. The evolution of sexual
reproduction is a major puzzle for
biologists. The two-fold cost of sexual
reproduction is that only 50% of organisms
reproduce and organisms only pass on 50%
of their genes.
Asexual reproduction is a process by which
organisms create genetically similar or identical
copies of themselves without the contribution of
genetic material from another organism. Bacteria
divide asexually via binary fission; viruses take
control of host cells to produce more viruses; Hydras
(invertebrates of the order Hydroidea) and yeasts
are able to reproduce by budding. These organisms
often do not possess different sexes, and they are
capable of "splitting" themselves into two or more
copies of themselves. Most plants have the ability to
reproduce asexually and the ant species
Mycocepurus smithii is thought to reproduce entirely
by asexual means.
Other ways of asexual reproduction include
parthenogenesis, fragmentation and spore
formation that involves only mitosis.
Parthenogenesis is the growth and development of
embryo or seed without fertilization by a male.
Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in some species,
including lower plants (where it is called apomixis),
invertebrates (e.g. water fleas, aphids, some bees
and parasitic wasps), and vertebrates (e.g. some
reptiles, fish, and, very rarely, birds and sharks). It
is sometimes also used to describe reproduction
modes in hermaphroditic species which can self-
fertilize.
Sexual reproduction
 typically requires the sexual interaction of
two specialized organisms,
called gametes, which contain half the
number of chromosomes of normal cells
and are created by meiosis, with typically
a male fertilizing a female of the
same species to create a fertilized zygote.
This produces offspring organisms whose
genetic characteristics are derived from
those of the two parental organisms.
Sexual reproduction is a biological process that
creates a new organism by combining the genetic
material of two organisms in a process that starts
with meiosis, a specialized type of cell division.
Each of two parent organisms contributes half of
the offspring's genetic makeup by creating haploid
gametes. Most organisms form two different types
of gametes. In these anisogamous species, the two
sexes are referred to as male (producing sperm or
microspores) and female (producing ova or
megaspores). In isogamous species, the gametes
are similar or identical in form (isogametes), but
may have separable properties and then may be
given other different names.
Allogamy is the fertilization of the
combination of gametes from two
parents, generally the ovum from
one individual with the
spermatozoa of another. (In
isogamous species, the two
gametes will not be defined as
either sperm or ovum.)
Self-fertilization, also known as autogamy,
occurs in hermaphroditic organisms where the
two gametes fused in fertilization come from
the same individual, e.g., many vascular
plants, some foraminiferans, some ciliates.
The term "autogamy" is sometimes substituted
for autogamous pollination (not necessarily
leading to successful fertilization) and
describes self-pollination within the same
flower, distinguished from geitonogamous
pollination, transfer of pollen to a different
flower on the same flowering plant, or within a
single monoecious Gymnosperm plant.
Mitosis and Meiosis
 Mitosis and meiosis are types of cell division.
Mitosis occurs in somatic cells, while meiosis occurs
in gametes.
 Mitosis The resultant number of cells in mitosis is
twice the number of original cells. The number of
chromosomes in the offspring cells is the same as
that of the parent cell.
 Meiosis The resultant number of cells is four times
the number of original cells. This results in cells
with half the number of chromosomes present in
the parent cell. A diploid cell duplicates itself, then
undergoes two divisions (tetraploid to diploid to
haploid), in the process forming four haploid cells.
This process occurs in two phases, meiosis I and
meiosis II.
In recent decades, developmental biologists
have been researching and developing
techniques to facilitate same-sex reproduction.
The obvious approaches, subject to a growing
amount of activity, are female sperm and male
eggs, with female sperm closer to being a reality
for humans, given that Japanese scientists have
already created female sperm for chickens.
"However, the ratio of produced W chromosome-
bearing (W-bearing) spermatozoa fell
substantially below expectations. It is therefore
concluded that most of the W-bearing PGC could
not differentiate into spermatozoa because of
restricted spermatogenesis." In 2004, by altering
the function of a few genes involved with
imprinting, other Japanese scientists combined
two mouse eggs to produce daughter mice.
Illustration of the twofold cost of sexual
reproduction. If each organism were to
contribute to the same number of offspring
(two), (a) the population remains the same size
each generation, where the (b) asexual
population doubles in size each generation.
PRIMARY HEALTHCARE (1987)
by DOH
o Raising a child requires RESOURCES (time, social,
financial, environmental)
o Planning CAN HELP ASSURE that resources are
available
o Mother should be at least 18 years old to have
improved MATERNAL and CHILD HEALTH
o At least 2 years gap for ANOTHER child, but not
more than 5
o At least 6 months after MISCARRIAGE or
ABORTION
PURPOSES:

o The number of children a married couple

would want
o When to have the next baby
o To use responsible means to achieve the
couple’s desired number of children
o To seek help so that childless couple will
have children
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
AND FAMILY PLANNING
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
STRUCTURES OF FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM INCLUDES:

 Labia majora - Larger lip-like external structures that

cover and protect sexual structures.
 Labia minora - Smaller lip-like external structures
found inside the labia majora. They provide protection
for the clitoris and for the urethra and vaginal
openings.
 Clitoris - Very sensitive sexual organ located in front of
the vaginal opening. It contains thousands of sensory
nerve endings and responds to sexual stimulation.
 Vagina - Fibrous, muscular canal leading from the
cervix (opening of the uterus) to the external portion
of the genital canal.
 Uterus - Muscular internal organ that houses and
nurtures female gametes after fertilization. Also
called the womb, the uterus is where a developing
fetus resides during pregnancy.
 Fallopian tubes - Uterine tubes which transport egg
cells from the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization
typically occurs in these tubes.
 Ovaries - Female primary reproductive structures
that produce gametes and sex hormones. There is
one ovary on each side of the uterus.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
STRUCTURES OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM INCLUDES:
 Penis - Main organ involved in sexual intercourse. This organ
is composed of erectile tissue, connective tissue, and skin.
The urethra extends through the length of the penis,
allowing urine and sperm to pass.
 Testes - Male primary reproductive structures that produce
male gametes (sperm) and sex hormones.
 Scrotum - External pouch of skin that contains the testes.
Because the scrotum is located outside of the abdomen, it
can reach temperatures that are lower than that of internal
body structures. Lower temperatures are necessary for
proper sperm development.
 Epididymis - System of ducts that receive immature sperm
from the testes. Its function is to develop immature sperm
and to house mature sperm.
 Ductus Deferens or Vas Deferens - Fibrous, muscular tubes that are
continuous with the epididymis and provide a pathway for sperm to
travel from the epididymis to the urethra
 Ejaculatory Duct - Duct formed from the union of the ductus deferens
and seminal vesicles. Each ejaculatory duct empties into the urethra.
 Urethra - Tube that extends from the urinary bladder through the
penis. This canal allows for the excretion of reproductive fluids
(semen) and urine from the body. Sphincters prevent urine from
entering the urethra while semen is passing through.
 Seminal Vesicles - Glands that produce fluid to nurture and provide
energy for sperm cells. Tubes leading from the seminal vesicles join
the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct.
 Prostate Gland - Gland that produces a milky, alkaline fluid which
increases sperm motility. The contents of the prostate empty into the
urethra.
 Bulbourethral or Cowper's Glands - Small glands located at the base
of the penis. In response to sexual stimulation, these glands secrete an
alkaline fluid which helps to neutralize acidity from urine in the
urethra and acidity in the vagina.
AGE AT FIRST MENSTRUATION (MENARCHE)

 Over one in ten women experienced her first

menstruation before age 12
 While more than half of women had menarche
between ages 12 or Band 18 percent began
menstruating at age 15 or older
MENSTRUATION
 Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding
that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle.
Every month, your body prepares for pregnancy. If
no pregnancy occurs, the uterus, or womb, sheds its
lining. The menstrual blood is partly blood and
partly tissue from inside the uterus. It passes out of
the body through the vagina.
 Periods usually start between age 11 and 14 and
continue until menopause at about age 51. They
usually last from three to five days.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 Day 1 starts with the first day of your period. This occurs
after hormone levels drop at the end of the previous cycle,
signaling blood and tissues lining the uterus (womb) to
break down and shed from the body. Bleeding lasts about 5
days.
 Usually by Day 7, bleeding has stopped. Leading up to this
time, hormones cause fluid-filled pockets called follicles to
develop on the ovaries. Each follicle contains an egg.
 Between Day 7 and 14, one follicle will continue to develop
and reach maturity. The lining of the uterus starts to
thicken, waiting for a fertilized egg to implant there. The
lining is rich in blood and nutrients.
 Around Day 14 (in a 28-day cycle), hormones
cause the mature follicle to burst and release an
egg from the ovary, a process called ovulation.
 Over the next few days, the egg travels down the
fallopian tube towards the uterus. If a sperm
unites with the egg here, the fertilized egg will
continue down the fallopian tube and attach to
the lining of the uterus.
 If the egg is not fertilized, hormone levels will
drop around Day 25. This signals the next
menstrual cycle to begin. The egg will break
apart and be shed with the next period.
MENOPAUSE

 After age 30, women's susceptibility to pregnancy

declines as an increasing proportion of women
become infecund.
 Menopause is the time that marks the end of your
menstrual cycles. It's diagnosed after you've gone
12 months without a menstrual period. Menopause
can happen in your 40s or 50s, but the average age
is 51 in the United States.
 The proportion of women who are menopausal
increases with age, from I percent among women
age 30-34 to 32 percent among women age 48-49.
METHODS OF
FAMILY PLANNING
MODERN METHODS
 IUDs

An IUD (Intrauterine Device) is a tiny device

made of flexible plastic that's inserted in
your uterus to prevent pregnancy.
IUDs
How it works:
There are two types of IUDs.
• The non-hormonal type is wrapped in a tiny bit
of copper, which acts as a spermicide. It
protects the women from pregnancy for up to
10 years.
• The hormonal IUDs use the hormone
progestin to prevent pregnancy, and they last
for up to 5 years.

Availability:
• IUDs require a doctor’s prescription and can
only be administered by trained health service
providers.
IUDs
Prices:
• Cooper IUDs – P10,000-P15,000
• Mirena (hormone-secreting IUD) – P15,000-P20,000

Possible side effects:

• The hormone-secreting IUD can cause irregular
bleeding during the first three months.
• The copper IUD can cause stronger bleeding during
the period.
Effectiveness:
• More than 99%. That means fewer than 1 out of 100
women who use an IUD will get pregnant each year.
And have non STD protection.
 CONDOMS

A condom is a small, thin pouch made of

latex (rubber), plastic (polyurethane, nitrile,
or polyisoprene), or lambskin that covers
the man's penis during sex and collects
semen.
CONDOMS
How it works:
• Condoms stop sperm from getting into the
vagina, so sperm can't meet up with an egg
and cause pregnancy.
• Lambskin condoms do not protect against
STDs, only latex and plastic condoms do.

Availability:
• Mercury Drug, 7-Eleven, Ministop, gas
stations—you can buy condoms almost
anywhere.
CONDOMS
Prices (by brand for a pack of 3) :
• P25 (Protec), P30 (Trust), P32 (101), P51 (Kamasutra),
P58 (Durex), P65 (Premiere), P78 (Okamoto).

Possible side effects:

• There are reports of condoms impairing the penis' sensitivity.
• Some women dislike the feeling of the condom—since there is a
rubber ring on the end.
• There are also people who are allergic to latex.

Effectiveness:
• If used correctly, up to 98%. Most of the time, condoms are only
about 82% effective—18 out of 100 people who use condoms as
their only birth control method will get pregnant each year.
• It protects against AIDS, HIV, and gonorrhea. Partial protection
against chlamydia, herpes, and HPV (which can cause cancer).
 Depo-Provera, aka
"The Shot"

A birth control injection that get from a

nurse or doctor every three months, it
contains the hormone progestin to help
protect from unintended pregnancy.
DEPO-PROVERA a.k.a "The Shot"
How it works:
• The progestin that contains in the shot stops
the woman from getting pregnant by
preventing ovulation.
• It also makes the cervical mucus thicker.
• It is safe to use while breastfeeding.

Availability:
• A prescription is required. The shot is offered
at both private clinics and women's health
centers.
CAN ANYONE USE THE CONTRACEPTIVE
INJECTION?
 Most women can use the contraceptive
injection.
 It is safe to use the contraceptive injection
while you are breastfeeding, although you
should be aware that small amounts of the
hormone will pass to the baby in the breast
milk. The contraceptive injection will not
affect the quality or quantity of the breast
milk.
 Some women may not be advised to use the
contraceptive injection. This includes women:
 who could be already pregnant
 who have any unusual or irregular vaginal bleeding
 who have been treated for breast cancer
 who have heart or liver disease
 who are planning to become pregnant in the near
future
 who have had an allergic reaction to the
contraceptive injection in the past
HOW IS THE CONTRACEPTIVE INJECTION
USED?
 The contraceptive injection is given as an injection into the
buttock, or sometimes into the muscle of the upper arm. It is
usually given during the first five days of the menstrual cycle
(the first day of bleeding with your period is day one). When
you have the injection during the first five days, it prevents
pregnancy straight away.
 The contraceptive injection can be given later in the
menstrual cycle if there is no chance of an early pregnancy
(for example, if there has been no sex since the last period)
but it will take another seven days before it is effective.
Using condoms or avoiding vaginal sex is advised for the next
seven days to prevent an unintended pregnancy.

It is important to keep on having injections every 12 weeks.

Depo-Provera aka "The Shot"
Prices:
• The Depotrust injection costs P120 (not including
administration/injection fee).
• It needs to be administered every three months.
Possible side effects:
• Possible weight gain. It can cause heavier flow and/or
period spotting.
• Some patients experience nausea, headaches, and/or
breast tenderness as well.
Effectiveness:
• More than 99%, meaning less than one out of every 100
people who use it will get pregnant each year.
• But if forget to get shot on time, it is about 94% effective,
so six out of every 100 shot users will get pregnant each
year.
 PILLS

Birth control pills are a kind of medicine

with hormones that taken every day to
prevent pregnancy.
PILLS
How it works:
• The hormones in the pill stop ovulation.
• The pill's hormones also thicken the mucus on
the cervix, making it hard for the sperm to
swim to an egg.
• It can be used to regulate hormones.

Availability:
• It now requires a doctor’s prescription, but is
available in drug stores nationwide.
PILLS
Prices (by brand) :
• P43.75 (Trust pill), P93 (Marvelon), P191 (Nordette), P355.69
(Althea), P450 (Cybelle), P623 (Gracial), P643.94 (Cerazette),
P705.68 (Diane 35), P943.75 (Yaz), P944.30 (Yasmine).

Possible side effects:

• Nausea, headaches, and/or sore breasts.
• It can also cause Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)—the formation of
blood clots in the vein.
• Smokers 40+ in age have a higher risk of developing VTE.

Effectiveness:
• If used correctly, up to 98%. But if forget to take it regularly, the pill is
about 91% effective—so nine out of 100 pill users get pregnant each
year.
• Vomiting and diarrhea can also cause it to fail. None STD protection.
EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION

Emergency contraception is a safe way to

prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex.
One of the most popular forms of
emergency contraception is the Plan B pill.
PILLS
Prices (by brand) :
• Nordette - P191

Possible side effects:

• Possible dizziness, headaches, stomach aches, weight gain, or
weight loss.

Effectiveness:
• Highly effective if taken within the first 72 hours of sexual
intercourse.
• Levonogestrel pills, including Plan B One-Step and Next Choice
One Dose, are up to 89% effective when taken within 72 hours
(three days) after unprotected sex.
• Ella is 85% effective if taken within 120 hours (five days) after
unprotected sex. It stays just as effective as time passes after
sex.
 IMPLANT (Implanon and
Nexplanon)

The birth control implant is a tiny, thin rod

about the size of a matchstick. It releases
hormones into the body that prevent from
getting pregnant. It prevents pregnancy for
up to 4 years.
How it works:
• The implant is called Nexplanon; there's a
slightly older version called Implanon.
• A doctor inserts the implant under the skin of your
upper arm.
• It releases the hormone progestin to stop you from
getting pregnant.
• It also stops eggs from leaving in the ovaries.

Availability:
• It requires a doctor’s prescription.
HOW IS THE CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANT
INSERTED AND REMOVED
 This involves a small procedure by a doctor who has been
specifically trained in insertion and removal of the implant.
 Local anaesthetic is applied to the skin to make the insertion
more comfortable.
The implant is normally inserted during the first five days of the
menstrual period but it can be inserted at other times if there is
no chance that the woman could already be pregnant.
 If it is inserted in the first five days of the menstrual period it
will be immediately effective.
 If it is inserted at other times it will not be effective for seven
days.
 The implant can be left in the arm for three years (or removed
earlier if desired). Removal is a simple procedure using a small
amount of local anaesthetic.
AFTER REMOVAL

 The contraceptive effect wears off very quickly

when the implant is removed with most women
returning to their previous menstrual cycle
within a month. If you do not wish to fall
pregnant, you must consider alternate methods
of contraception straight away.
 It is very important to have the implant removed
three years after it was inserted because it will
no longer provide effective contraception.
IMPLANT
Prices (by brand) :
• Implanon costs P4,000-P5,000 (not including insertion
fee).

Possible side effects:

• Scarring (after insertion and after removal), possibility of
infection during insertion.

Effectiveness:
• More than 99% effective. That means fewer than one out
of 100 women who use it will get pregnant each year.
TRADITIONAL METHODS
WITHDRAWAL METHOD
Is a method of birth control in which a man,
during sexual intercourse, withdraws his penis
from a woman's vagina prior to orgasm (and
ejaculation) and then directs his ejaculate
(semen) away from the vagina in an effort to
avoid insemination.
WITHDRAWAL METHOD
How it works:
• Withdrawal prevents pregnancy by keeping sperm
out of the vagina.

Possible side effects:

• Psychological damage–it takes the enjoyment and
spontaneity out of your sexual relationship, since
you cannot climax together.

Effectiveness:
• Low (75-80% at most).
• Four will become pregnant each year if they always
do it correctly.
 CALENDAR METHOD
The couple prevents pregnancy by avoiding
unprotected vaginal sex during the 1st and last
estimated fertile days, by abstaining or using a
condom
CALENDAR METHOD
How it works:
• This type of traditional method work by keeping
sperm out of the vagina (abstaining from sex) in the
days near ovulation, when a woman is most fertile.

Effectiveness:
• 91% with correct and consistent use
• Low (75-80% at most) due to high possibility of
miscalculation of the woman’s fertile period.
HOW TO USE CALENDAR-BASED
METHODS

 IMPORTANT: A woman can use the Standard Days Method

if most of her menstrual cycles are 26 to 32 days long. If
she has more than 2 longer or shorter cycles within a
year, the Standard Days Method will be less effective and
she may want to choose another method.
ADVANTAGES OF
FAMILY PLANNING
MOTHER
o Enable her to regain her health after
delivery.
o Gives enough time and opportunity to love
and provide attention to her husband and
children.
o Gives more time for her family and own
personal advancement.
o When suffering from an illness, gives
enough time for treatment and recovery.
CHILDREN
o Will get all the attention, security, love, and
care they deserve.
o Healthy. If mother is healthy, children are
also healthy.
o Wanted and satisfied. Parents can attend
to their growth
FAMILY
o More opportunities to bond
o Opportunity have savings
COMMUNITY
o Enough time to socialize
o Community won’t be congested and
health of members will improve
o Better job opportunities
o Extra resources (money, skills,
material, time etc.)
DATA AND FACTS:
AGE AT FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE

 Age at first sexual intercourse is another indicator of

the beginning of a woman's exposure to the risk of
childbearing.
 Median age at first sexual intercourse of women
ages 25-49 is 21.5 years.
 Among women ages 25-49, the percentage having
their first sexual intercourse increases sharply from
age 15 to age 18. In fact, the percentage who had
their first sexual intercourse by age 20 is almost
double that found at age 18. This pattern persists
across all age groups.
PREGNANCY AND MOTHERHOOD
AMONG YOUTH
 One in ten young Filipino women age 15-19 has begun
childbearing: 8 percent are already mothers and another 2
percent are pregnant with their first child according to the
results of the 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey
(NDHS).
 Commission on Population (PopCom) Executive Director Juan
Antonio Perez III said they saw in recent years a rise in the
number of teenage pregnancies in the country – from 1,700 cases
in 2014 to 1,986 cases in 2015.
 More than 18,400 women between the ages of 15-19 had two
children, another 2,800 had three and an estimated 300 had
four children.
FERTILITY PREFERENCES AMONG
CURRENTLY MARRIED WOMEN AGE 15-49

Want no more Sterilized Have another soon

Have another later Undecided Declared infecund/missing
FERTILITY PREFERENCES BY NUMBER
OF LIVING CHILDREN
FERTILITY PREFERENCES BY AGE
DESIRE TO LIMIT CHILDBEARING BY
BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS
IDEAL NUMBER OF CHILDREN
Mean Ideal Number of Children for all women age 15-49
by region
6

Mean Ideal Number of Children for all women age 15-49 by region
FERTILITY PLANNING
KNOWLEDGE OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS

 The 2013 NDHS results indicate that all currently married

women in the Philippines know at least one method of family
planning (Table 7.1). Among modem methods, the pill is the
best known (99 percent), followed by male condom (97
percent), and female sterilization (96 percent). The least
recognized methods were the patch and emergency
contraception, with 10 percent and 15 percent, respectively, of
currently married women having heard of these methods.
Withdrawal is also known to most currently married women (94
percent), whereas rhythm is less widely known (85 percent).
 In general, sexually active unmarried women are more
knowledgeable about contraceptive methods than currently
married women and all women. The average number of
methods known is 8.8 for all women, 9.4 for currently married
women, and 9.6 for sexually active unmarried women.
CURRENT USE OF CONTRACEPTION
Use of contraception among currently married women age
15-49

Pill Withdrawal Female Sterilization

Calendar/Rhythm Injectables IUD
Male Condom Other Methods Not Using
TIMING OF STERILIZATION

 Given the importance of female sterilization as a way of

preventing pregnancies among women in high-risk groups,
family planning program managers support the dissemination of
information about this method and the provision of services in
accordance with a woman's age and health status. Policy
makers consider the optimal target age for sterilization for
women to be age 30-35.
 The results indicate that the median age at sterilization among
women in the Philippines is 31.4 years. Median age at
sterilization is highest for women : who were sterilized
between six and seven years before the survey (33.0 years).
The largest proportion of II women were sterilized when they
were age 30-34.
SOURCE OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVE
METHODS
 Public and private sectors provide an almost
equal proportion of modem method users in
the Philippines. The principal public sector
sources for contraceptives are barangay health
stations (serving 18 percent of current users),
government hospitals (serving 17 percent of
current users), and rural health units/urban
health centers (serving 12 percent of current
users). Pharmacies are the principal private
sector provider for contraceptives, serving 39
percent of users. Private hospitals and clinics
serve 8 percent of current users.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
BILL
Reproductive Health Bill are proposed laws in
the Philippines aiming to guarantee universal
access to methods on:

• Contraception
• Abortion
• Fertility Control
• Sexual Education
• Maternal Care
There are presently two bills with the same
intended goals:

• House Bill #4244 ─ An Act Providing for a

Comprehensive Policy on Responsible Parenthood,
Reproductive Health, and Population and Development,
and For Other Purposes

• Senate Bill #2378 ─ An Act Providing For a National

Policy on Reproductive Health and Population and
Development

Purpose:
For improved quality of life through a “consistent and
coherent national population policy.
KEY DEFINITIONS
• Reproductive Health Care is a Senate Bill 2378 that refers
to the state of complete physical, mental and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity,
in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to
its functions and processes.

• This implies that people are able to have a satisfying and

safe sex life, that they have the capability to reproduce
and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do
so, provided that these are not against the law.
KEY DEFINITIONS
Reproductive Rights is defined by Senate Bill 2378

• The rights of individuals and couples, to decide freely

and responsibly whether or not to have children.

• the number, spacing and timing of their children.

• to make other decisions concerning reproduction free

of discrimination, coercion and violence.

• and to attain the highest standard of sexual and

reproductive health.
SUMMARY OF MAJOR PROVISIONS
• The bill mandates the government to “promote, without bias,
all effective natural and modern methods of family planning
that are medically safe and legal.”

• Although abortion is recognized as illegal, the bill states that

“the government shall ensure that all women needing care
for post-abortion complications shall be treated and
counseled in a humane, non-judgmental and compassionate
manner.”

• The bill calls for a “multi-dimensional approach” integrates a

component of family planning and responsible parenthood
into all government anti-poverty programs.
SUMMARY OF MAJOR PROVISIONS
• Under the bill, age-appropriate reproductive health and
sexuality education is required from grade five to fourth year
high school using “life-skills and other approaches.”

• The bill also mandates the Department of Labor and

Employment to guarantee the reproductive health rights of its
female employees.

• Companies with less than 200 workers are required to enter

into partnership with health care providers in their area for
the delivery of reproductive health services
SUMMARY OF SUPPORT
• Economic studies, especially the experience in Asia, show
that rapid population growth and high fertility rates,
especially among the poor, exacerbate poverty and make it
harder for the government to address it.

• Ten to eleven maternal deaths daily could be reduced if

they had access to basic healthcare and essential minerals
like iron and calcium, according to the DOH.

• Studies show that 44% of the pregnancies in the poorest

quintile are unanticipated, and among the poorest women
who would like to avoid pregnancy, at least 41% do not use
any contraceptive method because of lack of information
or access.
SUMMARY OF SUPPORT
• An SWS survey of 2008 showed that 71% of the respondents
are in favor of the bill.

• at the heart of the bill is the free choice given to people on

the use of reproductive health, enabling the people,
especially the poor to have the number of children they
want and can care for.
The proponents state that RH will mean:
• Information and access to natural and modern family
planning

• Maternal, infant and child health and nutrition

• Promotion of breast feeding

• Prevention of abortion and management of post-abortion

complications

• Adolescent and youth health

The proponents state that RH will mean:
• Prevention and management of reproductive tract
infections, HIV/AIDS and STDs

• Elimination of violence against women

• Counseling on sexuality and sexual and reproductive health

• Treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancer

• Prevention and treatment of infertility and RH education

for the youth.
FAMILY PLANNING
Unmet need
• Twenty-two percent of married Filipino women have an
unmet need for family planning services, an increase by more
than one third since the 2003 National Demographic and
Housing Survey.

• women are having more children than they desire, as seen in

the gap between desired fertility (2.5 children) and actual
fertility (3.5 children), implying a significant unmet need for
reproductive health services
FAMILY PLANNING
• Common reasons why women with unmet need in the
Philippines do not practice contraception are health concerns
about contraceptive methods, including a fear of side effects.

Access
• main concerns of the proponents of the bill is to perceived
lack of access to family planning devices (e.g. contraceptives
and sterilization)

• The bill intends to provide universal access through

government funding
ABORTION
Abortifacient Issue

• According to the RH bill, one of its components is

“prevention of abortion and management of post-abortion
complications.”

• It provides that “the government shall ensure that all

women needing care for post-abortion complications shall
be treated and counseled in a humane, non-judgmental and
compassionate manner.”

• It also states that “abortion remains a crime and is

punishable," as the Constitution declares that “the State
shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of
the unborn from conception.”
CONTACEPTIVES
HIV/AIDS

• The RH bill provides for "prevention and treatment of

HIV/AIDS and other, STIs/STDs,

• Lagman explained that "Globally, the new number of

reported cases of HIV infections and deaths has
dropped by nearly 20 percent.
SEX EDUCATION
• The bill provides for mandatory reproductive health
education.

• Age-appropriate manner by adequately trained

teachers starting from Grade 5 up to Fourth Year High
School.

• Opposition to the bill is concerned about early

sexualization of the youth.
PENALTIES
• There is mandatory sexuality education starting grade 5, and
"malicious disinformation" is penalized

• All health care service providers which provide reproductive

health services, including faith-based hospital administrators,
may be imprisoned or fined if they refuse to provide family
planning services such as tubal ligation and vasectomy.

• The same may happen to employers who do not provide free

services to employees.

• Imprisonment ranges from (1) month to six (6) months or a fine

ranging from Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty
Thousand Pesos (P50,000.00)
FINANCIALS
• Department of Health is proposing 13.7 Billion Pesos to be fund
the RH Bill if it is passed in 2012, according to Senator Pia
Cayetano.

• $90,000 to the Reproductive Health Advocacy Network (RHAN)

for promotion, from the UN Population Fund or UNFPA (2011);

• $6.6 million to Planned Parenthood arm Family Planning

Organization of the Philippines (FPOP) from UNFPA (2009);

• $1.6 million to FPOP from IPPF for the years 2005, 2009, and
2010;

• $1.2 million to PSPI from Marie Stopes (2009);

FINANCIALS
• $39,000 to Likhaan from Planned Parenthood (2007);

• $88,000 to FPOP in 2009 from Marie Stopes for RH kits; and

• $75,000 to “Catholics” for Choice to promote RH, from the

Wallace Global Fund (2009)
THE END