FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

- type of analog modulation wherein

the frequency of the carrier is varied
according to the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal.
FM Voltage Equation:
eFM = EC sin (ωCt + mf sin ωmt)
where:
eFM – instantaneous voltage of FM wave
EC – amplitude of original carrier wave
ωC – carrier angular velocity (2πfC)
mf – modulation index
ωm – modulating signal angular velocity
(2πfm)
Modulation Index (mf)

- the ratio of the maximum

frequency deviation to the
modulating frequency
Percentage of Modulation (%M)

- the ratio of the actual deviation to

the maximum deviation expressed in
percentage
FM BANDWIDTH

- for every modulating frequency (fm)

in FM, infinite pairs of sidebands
result
Bandwidth of FM Wave

1. Exact Bandwidth

BW = 2 fm n

where n – number of significant

sideband pair from the Bessel
Function Table
2. Approximate Bandwidth

BW = 2 (mf +1) fm

3. Carson’s Rule
BW = 2 (δ + fm)
From: BW = 2 (δ + fm)
Case I: If fm >> δ
BW ≈ 2 fm -- Narrow band FM

Case II: If δ >> fm

BW ≈ 2 δ -- Wide band FM
Sample Problems:

1. Assuming a modulation index of 2

and fm,max of 2.5 kHz, determine the
exact bandwidth.
2. What is the relative amplitude of
the third pair of sidebands of an FM
signal with m = 6?
3. A 200-kHz carrier is modulated by a
2.5-kHz signal. The fourth pair of
sidebands is spaced from the carrier
by _____.
4. Compute the bandwidth if the
maximum frequency deviation is 5
kHz and a maximum modulating
frequency of 2.5 kHz.
5. An FM transmitter has a maximum
deviation of 12 kHz and a maximum
modulating frequency of 12 kHz. The
bandwidth by Carson’s Rule is
_____.
6. What is the bandwidth of a narrow
band FM signal that is generated by
a 5 kHz audio signal modulating a 15
MHz carrier?
7. A 100-MHz carrier is deviated 50
kHz by a 4-kHz signal. The
modulation index is _____.
8. The maximum deviation of an FM
carrier is 2 kHz by a maximum
modulating signal of 400 Hz. The
deviation ratio is _____.
9. What is the bandwidth required for
an FM signal in which the modulating
frequency is 2 kHz and the maximum
deviation is 10 kHz?