Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Nature of Matter
Chapter 46
Velocity of de-Broglie waves
According to de-Broglie, a wave of wavelength 𝛌 is
associated with moving material particle. The wavelength is
ℎ
given by 𝛌 =
𝑚v
where m and v are the mass and velocity of the particle
respectively. The energy E of the particle is given as:
𝐸 = ℎ𝑣
𝐸
or 𝑣=
ℎ
According to Einstein’s mass-energy relationship
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2
𝑚𝑐 2
∴𝑣= and we know that c = 𝑣𝛌
ℎ
𝑚𝑐 2 ℎ
The de-Broglie wave velocity v𝑝 = 𝑣𝛌 or v𝑝 =
ℎ 𝑚v
𝑐2
or v𝑝 = … . . (9)
v
Waves and Particle (description of matter?)
Our traditional understanding of a particle…
λ0
Uncertainty in Position : Δx
Δx Δpx ≥ h/2π
The Uncertainty Principle is an important consequence of
the wave-particle duality of matter and radiation and is
inherent to the quantum description of nature
Simply stated, it is impossible to know both the exact
position and the exact momentum of an object
simultaneously
A fact of Nature!
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
- applies to all “conjugate variables”
Position & momentum: Δx . Δpx ≥ h/2π
Einstein’s photo equation: E = hf; the uncertainty in the
frequency of the matter wave is related to the uncertainty
in the energy E of the corresponding particle by
Δf = ΔE /h
Δ ω=2 π Δ f = 2 π ΔE/h;
Δ ω. Δ t ≅ 1
Δx Δp > h / 2π
The uncertainty in momentum is
Δp > h / 2πΔx , where Δx = 10-14m
Δp > (6.63X10-34) / (2X3.14X10-14)
This is the uncertainty in the momentum of electron and then the momentum of the
electron must be in the same order of magnitude. The energy of the electron can be
found in two ways one is by non relativistic method and the other is by relativistic
method.
Non-Relativistic method:
E = p2/ 2m
The above value for the kinetic energy indicates that an electron with a
momentum of 1.055X10-20 kg.m /s and mass of 9.11X10-31 kg to exist with in
the nucleus, it must have energy equal to or greater than this value. But the
experimental results on β decay show that the maximum kinetic an electron
can have when it is confined with in the nucleus is of the order of 3 – 4 Mev.
Therefore the free electrons cannot exist within the nucleus
Why isn’t the uncertainty principle apparent to us in our
ordinary experience…?
Planck’s constant, again!!