FLUID MECHANICS

OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY

1.Understand the properties of Fluids and its Concept of Fluid

Mechanics

2. Design the Hydraulic Structures and calculate the Hydrostatic force

on Curved submerged and floating surfaces.

3.Concept of potential Function

4. Determination of Major and Minor Losses

5. Principal of Model Analysis

 SYLLABUS: UNIT 1
• Fluid Properties
• Fluid and Fluid properties
• Definition
• Capillary Rise and Fall
• Suface Tension
• Vapour Pressure
• Compressibility
• Bulk Modulus
• Viscosity & Newtons Law of Viscosity
 FLUID MECHANICS

Fluid Mechanics is that branch

of science which deals with
behaviour of the fluids at rest
as well as in motion
 Fluid mechanics can we divided
into 3 divisions:
Hydrostatics: that studies the mechanics of
fluids at absolute and relative rest.

Kinematics: deals with translation, rotation and

deformation of fluid without considering the
force and energy causing such a motion.

Dynamics: that prescribes the relation between

velocities and acceleration and the forces which
are exerted by or upon the moving fluids.
 What is Fluid ?
• A substance that has no • Matter exist in two
fixed shape and yields principal forms:
easily to external
pressure; a gas or
(especially) a liquid.
• Solid
• Fluids

• Fluids are further sub-

divided into:
• Liquid
• Gas
For all practical purposes , the liquids and solids
can be regarded as incompressible.

This means that pressure and temperature have

practically no effect on them.

Eg Water, Kerosene,petrol etc.

Gases are readily compressible fluids.

They expand infinitely in the absence of pressure

and contract easily under pressure.

Eg air ,ammonia etc.

A DAY FULL OF FLUID
MECHANICS
YOU WOKE UP IN THE MORNING AND THE
ROOM IS COOL.

Coolant circulating
Inside it and cool
Air which it gives
is Fluid
After that you washed your face at the sink. The water
which comes at your tap is fluid and has come through
the piping system which also comes under fluid
mechanics.
 After that you decided to have
your breakfast. The coolant
moving inside the small pipes at
the back of your house.
•After finishing your breakfast, You decided
to do some cleaning before heading to the
College.

•Proper suction of air and filtering the dust

requires the knowledge of Fluid Mechanics.
After that you turned on your T.V
to get the morning news.
Nothing good, war again
UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE USED BY
US ARMY IN AFGHANISTAN
MISSILE AERODYNAMICS
Now it’s the time to go to college,
otherwise you will get late
A mixture of fuel like petrol and air is forced
by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into
the cylinder through the intake port
Before your class you went to PC
lab and took a print out of your
assignment. Inkjet printing also
involves fluid mechanics.
Knowledge of Fluid Mechanics is
essential for proper design of
Ships.
Otherwise without the proper
knowledge of fluid mechanics,
What will happen
 Significance of Fluid Mechanics
• Design of wide range of hydraulic structures
(dams,canals) and machinery
• ( pumps,turbines).
• Fluidic control devices; both pneumatic and
hydraulic.
• Design and analysis of gas turbine , rocket
engine, super sonic aircrafts.
• Human circulatory system i.e the flow of blood in
veins and the pumping action of heart.
 Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Applications:

To Design Dams, To Design water,oil To study Oceanography To study

Spillways,Hydraulic and gas pipeline and Coastal Engineering Water and Air
Jumps Networks Pollution

To design slabs
that resist to water
and groundwater To Design bridges To Design inshore Civil
pressures across rivers infrastructure

20
 Branches of Fluid Mechanics
C Fluid Statics: It is the branch of fluid mechanics which
deals with the response/behavior of fluid when they are at
rest.
C Fluid kinematics: It deals with the response of fluid
when they are in motion without considering the energies
and forces in them.
C Hydrodynamics: It deals with the behavior of fluids when
they are in motion considering energies and forces in them.
C Hydraulics: It is the most important and
practical/experimental branch of fluid mechanics which
deals with the behavior of water and other fluid either at rest
or in motion.
 Significance of Fluid Mechanics
C Fluid is the most abundant available substance e.g., air,
gases, ocean, river and canal etc.

C It provides basis for other subjects e.g.,

C Public health/environmental engineering
C Hydraulic Engineering
C Irrigation Engineering
C Coastal engineering

C etc etc
 State of Matter
C 1.gas
C 2.Liquid
fluid
C 3.Solid

23
 Comparison Between Liquids andGases
• C Liquids have definite • C Gases do not have any
volume at any particular definite volume
temperature
• C Gases do not have
• C Liquids have free level free level surface
surface
• C Molecules of gases are
• C Molecules of liquid are far apart
close to each other
• C Liquids have
• C Gases have less
relatively more
molecular attraction
molecular attraction
• C Gases are highly
• C Liquids are slightly
compressible
compressible 24
 Comparison Between Liquids andSolids
C Liquid conform the shape of any C Do not conform the shape of
container container
C Liquid can flow C Solids cannot flow
C Molecules of liquid are distinctly C Molecules of solids are very
apart close to each other

C Liquid have relatively less C Solids have more molecular

molecular attraction attraction

C Liquid are slightly compressible C Solids are highly incompressible

C Liquids cannot sustain shear C Solids can sustain shear

forces

25
 Dimension and Units
C System of Units
C System International (SI)
C Fundamental dimensions: length, mass and
time
C Units: (meter, kilogram and second)

C British Gravitation System (BG)

C Fundamental dimension: length, force and time
C Units: (ft, slug and second)
C CGS System
C Fundamental dimensions: length, mass and
time
C Units: (centimeter, gram and second)
26
 Units of Some Dimensions in Different Systems
C Fundamental Units
C length(L), mass (M) and time (T)
C Derived Units
C e.g., force(F), velocity(L/T), acceleration (L/T/T)etc

Syst Length Time Force Velocity Accele Energ Power Tempe

e m ration y rature

SI m s N m/s m/s/s N-m kg-m/s oC

BG ft s lb ft/s ft/s/s ft-lb ft-lb/s oF

CGS cm s dyne cm/s cm/s/s dyne dyne oC

- -
cm cm/s
27
 Important Prefixes
C e.g.,
C Force=1000000N
=1000KN
=1MN

Diameter=0.000001m
=1µm

28
 Comparison Between Liquids andSolids
C Liquid conform the shape of any C Do not conform the shape of
container container
C Liquid can flow C Solids cannot flow
C Molecules of liquid are distinctly C Molecules of solids are very
apart close to each other

C Liquid have relatively less C Solids have more molecular

molecular attraction attraction

C Liquid are slightly compressible C Solids are highly incompressible

C Liquids cannot sustain shear C Solids can sustain shear

forces

29
 Dimension and Units
C System of Units
C System International (SI)
C Fundamental dimensions: length, mass and
time
C Units: (meter, kilogram and second)

C British Gravitation System (BG)

C Fundamental dimension: length, force and time
C Units: (ft, slug and second)
C CGS System
C Fundamental dimensions: length, mass and
time
C Units: (centimeter, gram and second)
30
 Types of Fluids:

• Fluids can be classified into four basic types.

They are:
• Ideal Fluid
• Real Fluid
• Newtonian Fluid
• Non-Newtonian Fluid
 Ideal Fluid: A fluid is said to be
ideal if it is assumed to be both
incompressible and inviscid (non-
viscous).
Ideal fluid has no surface tension and viscosity is
zero and no frictional forces are set up even
during the fluid motion.

Ideal Fluids are imaginary and do not exist in

nature .
 Real Fluid:
• Real fluids are compressible in nature. They
have some viscosity.
• Examples: Kerosene, Petrol, Castor oil
 Newtonian Fluid:

• Fluids that obey Newton’s law of viscosity are

known as Newtonian Fluids. For a Newtonian
fluid, viscosity is entirely dependent upon
the temperature and pressure of the fluid.
• Examples: water, air, emulsions
 Non-Newtonian Fluid

• Fluids that do not obey Newton’s law of

viscosity are non-Newtonian fluids.
• Examples: Flubber, Oobleck (suspension of
starch in water)
Properties of Fluid
 Density ()
Density is the mass of the fluid per unit
volume
 = m/v

Units : Kg/m3
Specific Gravity(s):

The specific gravity is the ratio of the

density or specific weight of the fluid to
the density or specific weight of water, at
a temperature of 4oC

For Gases the standard fluid is taken either

air at 00 C or Hydrogen at the same
temperature.
It is dimensionless quantity.
• A Statement that the specific gravity of
mercury is 13.6 implies that its weight (or
mass) in 13.6 times that of the same volume of
water.
• In simple words, mercury is 13.6 times
heavier than water.
 Specific Volume: Represents the
volume per unit mass of fluid.
Specific Volume is the inverse of the mass
density.

v= V/m
or v=1/
The concept of specific volume is found to
be more useful in the study of flow of
compressible fluids i.e gases.
Viscosity: It is the property of the
fluid by virue of which it offers
resistance to shear or angular
deformation.
Mollases,tar, glycerine are highly viscous
fluids.

Water,air,petrol have very small viscosity

and are called thin fluids.