Media and information

literacy (MIL)

Types of Media
Mass Media
Mass Media can be
classified into three forms:
print, broadcast and new
media.
PRINT MEDIA
The industry of printing and distributing
information, is the oldest form of the
media.Early news sheets appeared in early 700-
100 BCE, when the chinese imperial courts
circulated the ti-pao (Government Gazzete)
throughout China and when the Arabs carried
Chinese techniques of papermaking in Europe.
The ancient Roman government published a
news sheet known as the Acta Diurna ( Daily
Events) carved on stone or metal, which were
regularly posted in Roman Forum.
Contributing to the widespread use of the print
medium is the development of the Gutenberg
press in the 1440’s. British philosopher Francis
Bacon once regarded printing as one of the
three invention that “changed the whole face
and state of things throughout the world.”, the
other two being gun powderand compass.
The print medium has different forms, it can be
a book, a newspaper,a magazine, a journal or
others.
BOOKS are considered to be the oldest, which
can be tracked back as far as 3500 BCE with the
invention of the Sumerian ancient style of
writing, the cuneiform.
Books contain almost any kind of information. A
book can be a novel, an instructional material,
an anthology of creative works, etc.
Newspaper is a lightweight, serial publication
which comes out regularly (daily, weekly, or monthly)
and contains news on current events of special or
general interest.
The first newspapers appeared in Germany, France
and Belgium in the 1600’s, when entrepreneurs set
up newspaper publishing houses and home
distribution systems. Newspapers can be regarded as
the first to reach the mass audience, serving all
classes in society.
London’s Daily Courant was the first daily newspaper
(1702). While mass circulation media began in 1833
with the first “penny press” newspaper The Sun.
2 kinds of Newspaper
• Broadsheet – which measures six columns
wide and 22/24 inches long. The most
prominent local broadsheet in the Philippines
now adays are Manila Bulletin, Philippine Daily
Inquirer, and the Philippine Star.
• Tabloid – half the size of a broadsheet.
Intended for the masses , with its price
practically lower than broadsheet’s.
Magazine – targets a variety of audiences
by offering a smorgasbord of articles that
aim to entertain , inform or advertise.
In 1731, Englishman Edward Cave, the
publisher of the Gentleman’s Magazine,
invented the term “magazine” from the
Arabic word makhazin which means
“storehouse”.Magazines became mass
media in 1821 with the appearance of the
Saturday Evening Post in USA.
Similar to the magazine is the Journal. It is a
periodic publication focusing on a specific filed
of study. The main difference between a journal
and a magazine is that the former is peer
reviewed, which means selected experts
reviewed its content before having it mas
published.

Other materials that fall under print media are

comics, flyers,and posters.
BROADCAST MEDIA
Is commonly associated with two forms: the
radio and the television.As described by Robles
and Tuazon (2014), “broadcasting is a form of
mass communication that utilizes radio and
television to transmit messages and programs
via air space. ” in this context, airspace means
the part of the atmosphere where frequency
bands are available to transmit messages to and
from broadcast devices.
The utilization of airspace is a big development
in media technology which introduced a new
form of communication.
Through this, people are now able to send
messages to a larger number of people in real
time. Producers of media content no longer
need to deliver their products (e.g, books
newspapers, etc.) to physical stores, such as
book stores and newsstands.
Film Cameras and projectors were invented in
the 1880’s by Thomas Edison. In 1885, Auguste
and Louis Lumiere invented the cinematograph,
a camera and developing machine that can
project visual images on screens. These
inventions led to the development of film or
motion pictures. Early motion pictures were
made without sound and in black and white.
Sound movies were first introduced in 1927,
while the colored format emerged in the late
1930s.
The first Radio signals were transmitted by
Guglielmo Marconi in 1895 ( who used Morse
code through his invention wireless telegraph).
Then , radio broadcasting began in the early
1900s with the first long distance voice and
music transmission done by physicist Reginald
Fessenden. Since then , radio became the
primary transmitter of news and auditory
entertainment(music and radio dramas) in
western societies.
Radio was introduced in the Philippines in 1922
during a test radio broadcast from Nicholas Air
Field in Pasay, attributed to an american known
as Mrs. Redgrave.This is also considered as
possibly the first radio broadcast in Asia( Braid
and Tuazon, 1999).

The oldest radio station in the country is DZRH.

Television developed from the technology used in
radio. The pioneer corporation introduced the first
television sets to the USA and the first television
stations went on air in 1941.
The University of Santo Tomas and FEATI University
in Manila are credited for experementing with
televisions beforeit turned commercial in 1953
through the opening DZAQ TV Channel 3 of the Alto
broadcasting system in Manila.Currently there are
three major local television networks in the country,
ABS-CBN Channel 2, TV5 and GMA Channel 7.
NEW MEDIA
Has been in use since the 1960s (McQuail, 2010).
Generally it refers to digital media that are
interactive , incorporating in two-
waycommunication,and involving a form of
computing(Logan , 2010). As opposed to the
traditional media,new media is linked with
informationand communication technologies that
have beendeveloped in recent years.
This include computers,internet,satellite,televisions,
compact disks,e-book readers and more.
 Types of Media
Media Convergence
 Media Convergence
The phenomenon that connects different forms
of media together. As Britannica writer Terry
Flew (2016) puts it, media convergence is the
result of the internet and of media content
digitization, rounding up the 3 C’s “in media------
-computing, communication,and content ” into
one.
It is also the interconnection created by the
melding of the different media flatforms today.
Television shows started using hashtagsto create
a more inclusive interaction between the
program and its audiences.

Basic example of media convergence is in terms

of content.
Before, videos are only accessible through films
and televisions; news articles can be read in the
news papers, novels can be read by buying
physical books. Specific content is only accessible
through a specific medium. However, with the
introduction of the internet, the once restricted
content is now accessible through various
platforms. Books are now digitized, television
programs are available online, and newspapers
are turned into digital formats. This melding of
print , electronic and photographic mediainto
digitized form is also called Technological
convergence(Vivian, 2008).