Chapter- 4

 The Constitutional principles

 Article 51 of the Indian Constitution lays down
some Directive Principles of State Policy on
‘Promotion of international peace and security’.
 “The State shall endeavour to –
 (a) Promote international peace and security
 (b) Maintain just and honorable relations between
nations
 (c) Foster respect for international law and treaty
obligations in the dealings of organised people with
one another; and
 (d) Encourage settlement of international disputes
by arbitration
 Preservation of Unity &
Integrity of the nation
 Preservation of
Independence &
Sovereignty
 Preserving existing
international system
 Improving standards of
living of the people
 Opposed the
colonialism and
imperialism.
 Opposed the fascism.
 Important for
international help.
 Believed on the
international
organization.
 Peaceful relation and
NAM.
 Non Alignment

 NAM offered the newly

decolonized countries of Asia,
Africa and Latin America, a third
option, not to Join either alliance.
 Two context for organ  Contacts between
NAM (a) freedom nationalist leaders of
struggle of colony India and other
countries. (b) cold colonies. united
war. common struggle
 Influence the struggle
against it.
of national movement  During 2nd world war

against imperialism India established link

And colonialism All with other
the asia- africa countries(indian
countries. national army (INA) –
Bose)
(b) Cold war (external fact)

Two blocs led by the

superpowers.
Establish the UNO
Creation of nuclear weapons.
Emergence of communist
china.
 Non
alignment
 Nehru- India
 Nkrumah- Ghana
 Marshall Tito-
Yugoslavia
 Gamal Abdul Nasser-
Egypt
 Sukarno- Indonesia
 Nehru had been an
ardent advocate of Asian
Unity
 India was a staunch
supporter of the
decolonization process
and firmly opposed
racism, especially
apartheid in South Africa.
 1947(MRCH)- Asian relations Conference –
Delhi. (sub: advocate Asian unity)
 1949 - Asian relations Conference – Delhi. (
sub: support realization of freedom of
Indonesia from Dutch colonialism.)
 1954- principles of panchasheel.
 1955- Bandung conference (Indonesia) (
establishment of NAM)
 1956 – Bryon conference. (create documents
of NAM)
 1961 (sept,)– Belgrade conference
(inaugurate NAM organization)
 First summit
held at
Belgrade on
1961
 First summit
was
attended by
25 member
states
Cooperation
among Third
World
Countries
Stabilization
of World
Peace
Respect of Human
Right
Preservation of
Independence
Reducing Cold
War tensions
Oppose Racism
 Support to
Newly
decolonized
nations
 Non-alignment is the
policy of staying away
from cold war alliance
 Non-alignment is not
isolationism or neutrality
 Non-aligned countries
played an active role in
mediating between the
two cold war alliances
 CAUSES

 Nationalism
 Anti-Imperialistic
sentiments
 Racial Discrimination
 Economic needs
 United Nations
Organization
 Great leaders of Non
Alignment Movement
 Held at Egypt-
2009
 It was
attended by
118 countries
 India’s non alignment was
said to be ‘unprincipled’
 India was inconsistent
and took contradictory
posters (Treaty of
Friendship with USSR-
1971)
Disarmament
Anti imperialism
 Support
to
unification
 Emphasis on
peaceful means
 Jawaharlal Nehru played a
crucial role in setting the
national agenda.
 He was his own foreign minister.
 Thus both as the Prime Minister
and the Foreign Minister, he
exercised profound influence in
the formulation and
implementation of India’s
foreign policy from1946-64.
  Some leaders (like
Nehru’s foreign policy were to
preserve under the Dr. ambedkar) and
international context. political parties
Three objectives (jana sangh,
 The hard-earned
swatantra party) in
sovereignty our country
believed that
 Protect territorial integrity
friendly relation
 Promote rapid economic
with bloc led US.
development

Nehru wished to achieve these objectives through the strategy of

nonalignment
 Pursued the dream of a peaceful world by
advocating the policy of NAM.
 After 2nd world war, start cold war and countries
under two power bloc.
 India did not join either of the two bloc. Us was
not happy about india.
 Indian cannot balancing perfectly :- 1956 england
attacked egypt over the suez canal issue. India
against it. But same year USSR attacked hungary.
India not against it.
 Many time India take independent stand on various
issue (korea)
 Free India began its relationship with China on a
very friendly note.
 After the Chinese revolution in 1949, India was
one of the first countries to recognize the
communist government.
 India helped for membership of china in UNO.
 Some leaders (patel) were worried the china
attack. But Nehru not belived. So India –china
border guarded by para-militery force at long
time.
 Panchsheel, the Five
Principles of Peaceful
Coexistence, by the
Indian Prime Minister
Nehru and the Chinese
Prime Minister Zhou
Enlai on 29 April 1954
was a step in the
direction of stronger
relationship between
the two countries
 29 April 1954

 Mutual respect for each other's

territorial integrity and sovereignty,
 Mutual non-aggression,
 Mutual non-interference in each
other's internal affairs,
 Equality and mutual benefit, and
 Peaceful co-existence.
 Two developments strained India’s relationship with China

1. Tibetan Problem
 The plateau of the central
Asian region called Tibet.
 China had claimed
administrative control
over Tibet in 1950 and
thus removed a historical
buffer between the two
countries.
 Large Tibetan population
opposed this takeover.
India pressure to china to
recognize Tibetan claims.
 Twodevelopments
Two developmentsstrained
strainedIndia’s
India’srelationship
relationshipwith
withChina
China

1. Tibetan Problem

 The Tibetan spiritual leader,

the Dalai Lama, sought and
obtained political asylum in
India in 1959
 From time to time in
history, China had
claimed
administrative control
over Tibet
 Large sections of the
Tibetan population
opposed this takeover
 India tried to persuade
China to recognise
Tibet’s claims for
independence.
 When the Panchsheel
agreement was signed
between India and China in
1954, through one of its
clauses about respecting each
other’s territorial integrity
and sovereignty, India
conceded China’s claim over
Tibet.
 In1958, there was armed
uprising in Tibet against
China’s occupation.
 This was suppressed by the
Chinese forces
 Sensing the situation had
become worse, in 1959, the
Dalai Lama crossed over into
the Indian border and sought
asylum which was granted

The Chinese government strongly protested against this

 In 1954 india –china sighed the agreement and
respect it.
 1956 DALAI LAMA accompanied the Zhou Enlai
during visit to India. He informed to Nehru
about situation of Tibet. Zhou Enlai remember
Tibet will be given greater autonomy.
 1n 1958 chaines forces armed in Tibet.
Situation become worse.
 In 1959 Dalai Lama and Tibetans crossed to
India border. China Govt. strongly opposed it.
last time many Tibetans also sought refuge in
India and other countries. They settled in Delhi
and Darmasala in Hibachal Pradesh.
In 1950-1960 many political leaders
and parties ( Jan sangh and socialist
party) support in causes of Tibetan
independence.
Tibetans opposed the china claim.
(a) Tibet is part of china territory.
(b) China people came to Tibet for
settlement.
They say china trained to undermine
the traditional religion and cultural
 Two
Two developments
developments strained
strained India’s
India’s relationship
relationship with
with China
China
2. Boarder Dispute

 Boundary dispute
between china and India.
 Indian claim that
boundary was settled in
colonial time. But china
said that colonial
decision(Mc Mohan Line)
not apply.
 Two
Two developments
developments strained
strained India’s
India’s relationship
relationship with
with China
China
2. Boarder Dispute
 China claimed two areas within
the Indian territory:
 Western region:-Aksai-chin area
in the Ladakh region of Jammu
and Kashmir
 Eastern region:-Much of the
state of Arunachal Pradesh in
what was then called NEFA
(North Eastern Frontier Agency.
 Between 1957 and 1959 china
occupied the aksai-chin area and
built a strategic road.
 While the entire world’s
attention was on Cuban
Missile Crisis(1959-62)
involving the two
superpowers, China
launched a swift and
massive invasion in
October 1962 on both
the disputed regions.
 Discussion among the
top leaders , not solved.
 The first attack lasted one
week and Chinese forces
captured some key areas in
Arunachal Pradesh.indian
force fail to block. Reach
nearly Assam point.
 The second wave of attack
came next month(Nov.)While
the Indian forces could block
the Chinese advances on the
western front in Ladakh
 China declared a unilateral
ceasefire and withdrew the
troops at Nov. 21. Some
area under china.
 India-china ware dented
Indian's image at home and
abroad
 India approach the military
assistance from USA and
UK. USSR remained neutral
at a time.
 Itinduced a sense of
national humiliation and
at the same time
strengthened a spirit of
nationalism
 Some of the top army
commanders either
resigned or were
retired.
 Nehru’s close associate
and the then Defence
Minister, V. Krishna Menon,
had to leave the cabinet.
 Nehru’s own status he
was suffered as he was
severely criticized.
  Soon thereafter, the
For the
For
 the first
first time,
time, aa
Congress lost some
no-confidence
no-confidence key by-elections to
motion against
motion against his
his Lok Sabha.
government was
government was
 The political mood of
moved and
moved and debated
debated
the country had
in the
in the Lok
Lok Sabha
Sabha begun to change
 The Sino-Indian conflict affected
the opposition as well
 The pro-USSR faction remained
within the CPI and moved
towards closer ties with the
Congress.
 The other faction was for
sometime closer to China and
was against any ties with the
Congress.
 The party split in 1964 and the
leaders of the latter faction
formed Communist Party of
India (Marxist) (CPI-M)
 The process of
reorganisation of indian
states of North East
began soon after the
China war.
 Nagaland was granted
statehood
 Manipur and Tripura,
though Union
Territories, were given
the right to elect their
own legislative
assemblies.
 It was in 1976(janta
Govt.)that full diplomatic
relations were restored
between the two
countries.
 Atal Behari Vajpayee was
the first top level leader
(he was then External
Affairs Minister) to visit
China in 1979.
 Later, Rajiv Gandhi became
the first Prime Minister
after Nehru to visit China
 Diplomat and minister
 Active in the Labour Party in UK
between 1934-1947;
 Indian High Commissioner in UK
 Later head of India’s delegation
to UN;
 Rajya Sabha MP and later Lok
Sabha MP
 Member of the Union Cabinet
from 1956
 Defence Minsiter since 1957
 Considered very close to Nehru
 Resigned after the India-China
war in 1962
India &
Pakistan
relation
NEHRU & AYUB KHAN SIGNED ON 1960
 The disputed areas of the
region of Kashmir.
 India claims the entire
erstwhile princely state
of Jammu and Kashmir
based on an instrument of
accession signed in 1947.
 Pakistan claims all areas
of the erstwhile state
except for those claimed
by China.
 China claims the Shaksam
Valley and Aksai Chin.
 Indiahas officially
stated that it
believes that
Kashmir is an
integral part of
India,
 Indiaand Pakistan have
fought at least three wars
over Kashmir, including
the Indo-Pakistani Wars of
1947, 1965 and 1999
 Jammu and Kashmir,
the largest of the
princely states, had a
predominantly Muslim
population, while
having a Hindu ruler
Maharaja Hari Singh
 In October 1947, Muslim
revolutionaries in western
Kashmir and Pakistani
tribals from Dir entered
Kashmir, intending to
liberate it from Hindu rule.
Unable to withstand the
invasion, the Maharaja
signed the Instrument of
Accession on 25 October
1947 that was accepted by
the government of India on
27 October 1947.
  Solvethe long time
. Start Pakistan attack to
dispute about sharing
Kashmir at Oct. 1947 use
river water through
tribal and terrorist. A war
mediation by World
broke out between ind-pak
Bank. ( Pakistan Indus
1947. not a full war, this
Waters Treaty was
issue was referred to UNO.
signed by Nehru and
 Pakistan broke India's
General Ayub Khan in
relation with USA and China. 1960).
 Both Govt. worked together
to restore the women
abducted during partition.
 In April 1965 Pakistan
launched armed attacks in
the Rann of Kutch area of
Gujarat.
 Followed by bigger attack
in J & K in Aug-Sept.
 Not get the support from
the local population.
 Shastri ordered to Indian
troops to attack on Punjab
Border. Army reached close
to Lahore.
 Stop the intervention
UNO .
 SIGNED ON 1966
January 10 at
Tashkent.
 AYYUB KHAN & LAL
BAHADUR SASTRI
brokered by the USSR.
 The Third Plan (1961-
66) was affected and
it was followed by
three Annual Plans and
the Fourth Plan could
be initiated only in
1969.
 India’s defence
expenditure increased
enormously after the
wars
 In 1970 pakistan faced internal crisis
 !st General election rsult:- west Pak. Lead
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s party Peoples party
emegrged a winner.
 East Pak, lead Awami League led by Sheikh
Mujib-ur Rahman ( total seat169passed198
seat) become winner.
 In Pakistan parliament total 313 seat , Awami
League secured simple majority and demanded
for Govt. East Pak peoples were 2nd class
people.
 The Pak president Yahu Khan send army to East
Pak to arrest Sheikh Mujib and attack people.
 East people struggle to
liberate “Bangladesh”
 East Pakistan and took
shelter in the
neighboring areas in
India.
 India extended moral
and material support to
the freedom struggle in
Bangladesh.
 Pakistan accused India
of a conspiracy to break
it up.
 Throughout 1971,
India had to bear the
burden of about 80
lakh refugees who fled
East Pakistan and took
shelter in the
neighboring areas in
India
 In July 1971, Henry
Kissinger ( adviser of US
president
 In orderRichard Nixon)
to counter
made
theaUS-Pakistan-China
secret visit to
China viaIndia
axis, Pakistan
signed a 20-
 In order to counter
year Treaty the
of Peace
US-Pakistan-China
and Friendship withaxis,
India
thesigned
SovietaUnion
20-year
in
Treaty of Peace and
August 1971
Friendship with the
Soviet Union in August
1971
.
 After months of
diplomatic tension and
military build-up, a
full-scale war between
India and Pakistan
broke out in December
1971
 India said to Pak. To return the refuges from
India. Not accepted , and attack Pak aircraft
Punjab and Rajasthan and moved to J & k
front.
 Indian 3 army attack East and west front
with support of local peoples.
 Indian army within 10 days surrounded
Dhaka from 3 sides and 90000 Pak army had
to surrender.
 Bangladesh as a free country. 1972 January
Sheik Mujib become free from Jail.
 India declared a unilateral ceasefire.
 Withinten days the
Indian army had
surrounded Dhaka
from three sides and
the Pakistani army of
about 90,000 had to
surrender
 WAS SIGNED ON 1972
JULY 3
 INDIRA GANDHI &
ZULFIKAR ALI BHUTO
 India
conducted a series
of nuclear tests in May
1998, demonstrating its
capacity to use nuclear
energy for military
purposes.
 In the early part of 1999
several points on the Indian
side of the LoC in the
Mashkoh, Dras, Kaksarand
Batalik areas were occupied
by forces claiming to be
Mujahideens. Suspecting
involvement of the Pakistan
Army, Indian forces started
reacting to this occupation.
 This led to a confrontation
between the two countries.
This is known as the Kargil
conflict
 the conflict went on  In Pakistan, a
during May and June major controversy,
1999.By 26 July India the PM of Pak was
recovered lost areas. kpt in the dark by
 Kargil conflict drew the Army Chief
attention worldwide, General Parvez
reason India and Pak Musharraf.
attained nuclear
capability before one
year.
 India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear
power only for peaceful purposes

Anothercrucial
 Another
 crucialdevelopment
developmentof
of
thisperiod
this periodwas
wasthethefirst
firstnuclear
nuclear
explosionundertaken
explosion undertakenby byIndia
India
inMay
in May1974
1974Nehru
Nehruwas
wasagainst
against
nuclearweapons.
nuclear weapons.
Sohe
 So
 hepleaded
pleadedwithwiththe
the
superpowersfor
superpowers forcomprehensive
comprehensive
nucleardisarmament
nuclear disarmament
WhenCommunist
 When
 CommunistChina
China
conductednuclear
conducted nucleartests
testsinin
October1964,
October 1964,India
India forced
forcedtoto
conductits
conduct itsfirst
firstnuclear
nucleartest
test
 In 1974 May 18 India’s 1st nuclear test pockran in Rajastan ( Name
“Smile Buddan”). only for peaceful purposes
 After 1st test India faced
Nuclearcrucial
Another
 programme
development of difficult stages:- Oil
this period was
initiated the first
in late 1940nuclear Shock ( arab-Isrel War)-
explosion undertaken by India
under
in theNehru
May 1974 guidance of
was against economic crisis reason
HOMI J.
nuclear BHABHA.
weapons. for price inflation-
So
 he pleaded
Five Nuclearwith the
Weapons political problem and
superpowers for comprehensive railway strike.
countries
nuclear tried to impose
disarmament
the Nuclear
 When Communist Non-
China  2nd nuclear test 1998 May
Proliferation
conducted Treaty-
nuclear tests inNPT 11,13.(Name ‘ operation
October
(CTBT)1964, India India
of 1968. forced to Shakhty”) same time
conduct its first nuclear test
refused to sign it. Pakistan test it. World
countries opposed .
 In the period after
1990,Russia, though it
continues to be an
important friend of
India, has lost its
global preeminence
 Therefore, India’s
foreign policy has
shifted to a more
pro-US strategy