INTRODUCTION

Betel leaf popularly known as “Paan” in India and the betel vine leaves are in deep green
colour with heart shape which are widely used in India and the scientific name of betel vine
is piper betel.Paan belongs to the family of piperaceae.There are more than 90 varieties of
betel vine in the world, of which about 45 are found in India and 30 verities in West Bengal
itself.Betel leaves in the state of Andhrapradesh, Bihar, Gujrat, Odisha, Karnataka, MP,
Rajasthan, WestBengal, Maharastra. Betel leaf cultivation is WestBengal under many districts
PurbaMedinipur, Nadia, Howrah, South 24 parganas and most important economic
agricultural practices in West Bengal. Betel leaf grown tropics and subtropics for its ever
green leaves that are used in puja/religious events and as a chewing stimulant.Paan/betel
leaves has good export potential and India exports betel leaves to the neighbouring
countries such as-Bangladesh, Pakistan and many countries.
In West Bengal two types of betel leaves are produced. These are “BaglaPatta(country
leaf)”and “MithaPatta(sweet leaf)”. In West Bengal, Bangla Patta is produced mainly in
districts of Dinajpur, Malda, Jalpaiguri, Nadia. MithaPatta is produced in places such as
Midinipur and South 24 parganas. Pancontainssomevitamins, enzymes, thiamine, tannin,
iodin, iron, calcium, minerals, protein, essential oil and for liver medicine forliver, brain and
heart diseases.
 INTRODUCTION
It is most important cash crop. Thisadequately justifies its nomenclature as the “GREEN GOLD OF
INDIA’’.
So this cultivation is one of the important agricultural practices in my study area of Daudpur village
in Nandigram Block of PurbaMedinipur districts in West Bengal.At the beginning time, this
cultivation fruitful production of my study area .The secondary sources of income of farmers that
tradition is going on in recent time.

METHODOLOGY

The field report has been prepare the basis of primary and secondary data . The methodology used to
prepare the field report are as follows:
1.Pre- field : At first I have thinking about my topics, then literature review and official paper review are find
through Internet and many other secondary data collected from Internet. Create a questionnaire.
2. Field Survey: Primary Field Survey through direct field observations. Ask questions to the farmers about
their farming Practices ,production ,demand etc. .
3. Soil Test : To the estimation of soil pH , nitrogen, phosphate; I have done soil test in the laboratory of
Geography Department, West Bengal State University.
4.Post field analysis : Analysis the primary and secondary data statistically . SOWT analysis and stakeholder
analysis of the field report .
 CHOICE OF THE STUDY AREA
• At first betel leaf cultivation is most important role in Economic activity and it's increasing
demand in day by day.
• Many people are involved on this cultivation in daudpur and raise rural people interest in this
cultivation.
• It's provides job opportunity in rural poor.
• This area is wholly geographically and environmental related.
METHODOLOGY

The field report has been prepare the basis of primary and secondary data . The methodology
used to prepare the field report are as follows:
1.Pre- field : At first I have thinking about my topics, then literature review and official paper
review are find through Internet and many other secondary data collected from Internet. Create
a questionnaire.
2. Field Survey: Primary Field Survey through direct field observations. Ask questions to the
farmers about their farming Practices ,production ,demand etc. .
3. Soil Test : To the estimation of soil pH , nitrogen, phosphate; I have done soil test in the
laboratory of Geography Department, West Bengal State University.
4.Post field analysis : Analysis the primary and secondary data statistically . SOWT analysis and
stakeholder analysis of the field report .
 LOCATION MAP OF THE
LOCATION OF THE STUDY
AREA
STUDY AREA
Sondalia village is located in Barasat II
Block of North 24 Pargana district in
the state of West Bengal, India. The
geographical location of this village is
22.6881°N latitude and 88.5831°E
longitude. It is situated 26.3 km away
from sub-district headquarter
Krishnapur. Barasat is the district
headquarters of Sondalia village. Falti
Beliaghata is the gram panchayat of
Sondalia village. Barasat is the nearest
town to Sondalia which is
approximately 10 km away. The total
geographical area of this village is
136.61 hectares . The Sealdaha -
Hasnabad railways connects this
Source :
village with Kolkata, the capital of google
West Bengal . earth and
internet
 OBJECTIVES
• To find out the amount of betel leaf production in a
year.
• To know the demand on betel leaf in local market and
outside.
• How this cultivation helps in the economic
development of daudpur village.
• To know the problems and prospects of this cultivation.
• The government initiatives and help provided in the
development of such cultivation.
• To analyse how this cultivation has results the over all
development of Daudpur villagers.
 NATURAL INVIRONMENT IN MY STUDY AREA

Temperature
According to the meteorological records December and January are the coldest month with the mean
daily maximum temperature at 31.3c in December and January and the mean daily maximum at 7.0c
December and 6.9c in January.May the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature at 42.3c.
Soil
The soils of the district are different types. But clay textured soils which has high water holding capacity.
In my study area soil is clay loam types. Which it ideal soil for betel leaf cultivation.
Topography
PurbaMedinipur district is part of the lower Indo -gangetic plain and eastern coastal plains.
Topographically devided into two parts-
1.Allmost entirely flat plains on the west, east, and north.
2.The coastal plains on the south.
But in my study area flat plains so the ideal topography for betel leaf cultivation.
Land preparation
In my study area applying high level of organic fertiliser (compost, khol) and low amount uses chemical
fertiliser for betel leaf cultivation. So in this ideal landuse has in my study area.
 Demographic status
• Daudpur village located in nandigram block of purbamedinipur districts of
West Bengal in India. In this village total population 6,132(male -3090,female-
3040).There are 1219families in daudpur village. The average sex ratio
daudpur is 983.The population of children of age 0-6years in daudpur village is
951 which is 16 of the total population. There are 479male children and
472female children between the age 0-6years. Thus as per the census 2011
the child sex ratio of daudpur is 985 which is greater than average sex ratio
(983)of daudpur village.
Educational status
• As per census 2011,the literacy rate of daudpur is 88.6.Thus daudpur village
has higher literacy rate compared to 77of purbamedinipur district.
• Among males the literacy rate isy91.12 out of total 3092 are
educated. However the female literacy rate is 86.06out of total 3040 females
are literates in daudpur village.
• The illiterates is 1541.Male is 711 female rate is 830in daudpur village.
In daudpur village out of total population, 1909 were engaged in work activities,
69.25 of workers describe their work as main work ( employment or earning more
than 6 moths ) while 30.75 were involved in marginal activity providing livehood
for less than 6 months of 1909 workers engaged in main work, 167 were
cultivators ( ownners or co-owner ) while 247 were agricultural labourer
 Production of pan
• Purba medinipur district under west Bengal state, is the major important role for betel
leaf cultivation. So 70% people's depends in this cultivation and my study area 60%
people also engaged in this cultivation.this agricultural practices caused for reduction
the poverty level in this area and giving the opportunities for high level income among
the farmars.
• I have shown the actual production of betel leaf and expenditure and net income from
a boroj .
Year Production Income Other cost Net Income

1 11.5 ( Mote ) 69000.00 43820.00 25580.00

2 15 ( Mote ) 90000.00 63420.00 26580.00
3 21.5 ( Mote ) 129000.00 95000.00 34000.00
4 30 ( Mote ) 180000.00 125000.00 55000.00
5 32 ( Mote ) 192000.00 130000.00 62000.00
From the statistics in terms of betel leaf production in my studyarea of Daudpur Village
it is clear to see that the amount of production is rapidly increased in last five years.And
the economic conditions also uplifted among the cultivated farmers.Overall this gives
positive economic impact in Daudpur village.
 WHY THEY CULTIVATED CAPSICUM :
 More profit than other crops .
 High demand in the nearby urban and peri-urban areas .
 Changing food habits due to globalisation in the urban and rural areas also increase the demand of
capsicum. Mainly , capsicum is an important ingredient in various types of fast foods .
 High price rate than other crops. The range of prices between Rs. 10 to 30 per kg which the farmers gain
from selling capsicum. All over market value cross up to Rs. 80 per kg in different states in India.
 Health benefits of Capsicum can help to increase its demand. These are mentioned as below (librate.
Com):
• Prevents Cancer
• Owing to the presence of tannin in capsicum, it is also known to prevent cancers caused by malignant
tumors; specifically gastric cancers. Research continues to prove the plant is beneficial in treating and
preventing prostate cancer and other hormone related cancers.
• Helps alleviate Crohn’s disease
• Gives a healthy heart
• Improves overall health
• Cures Yellow Fever
• Helps eradicate gastrointestinal disorders
• Alleviates menopausal symptoms
• Gives glowing skin
 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES :

 Many local people engaged in this field as agricultural labourers. They

have seasonal work opportunities, they earn rupees 100 to 200 per
working days .
 Many people engaged in packing , supply and other works where they
earn 200 to 300 rupees per working day . They work under greengrocers.
 The van driver who carry capsicum from field to the local market /
greengrocers, earn rupees 40000 to 50000 per year.
 Vendors of train or street vendors, who sell poor quality of capsicum just
Rs. 10 per kg . They are usually poor persons , children and also widows.
 In Sondalia there are 4 greengrocers under them 31 labour works , the age
group of them is between 18 to 30 . All workers are males . They earn Rs.
200 to 300 per day.
 Farmers earn 50000 rupees per year from capsicum .
40
CULTIVATORS
35
30
25 AGRICULTURAL
20 LABOUR
15
10 GREENGROCER
5 STREETVENDORS
0 FEMALE LABOUR
LABOUR ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURAL
NO OF POPULATION PACKING AND LABOUR
SUPPLYING

0 2 4 6

6
5
4 MALE
3 FEMALE

2
1
0
STREET VENDORS
 IMPACT ON SOIL PROPERTY
Soil Property Nitrarte Ammonium Phosphate pH
Nitrogen Nitrogen
Agricultural High Lo 5.89 kg/acre High above 6.5 very slightly
Field 20.41kg/acre 29.48 kg/acre acidic
Fellow land Medium 8.16 Lo 5.98 kg Blank 0 kg/acre 7 neutral
kg/acre /acre
 PROBLEM FINDINGS :

 High cost of fertilizer and pesticides, and high input cost .

 Use of huge amount of ground water , which led to decrease in the
ground water table .
 Many types of diseases lead to failure of crops, such as - fungus attack,
recoil of leaf , attack of pest , decompose of inception and shoots etc.
 Pollution due to use of fertilizers and pesticides.
 Some time farmers do not receive sufficient money from the
greengrocers. The greengrocers are reducing the market value of
capsicum for their own profits
 PROSPECTS :

 Organic agriculture can help to grow up against this problem. Organic agriculture can reduce costs of
production, increase productivity and also income, reduced risk of crop failure etc. . The following
methods of organic agriculture they can use for the capsicum production :
• Crop diversity : To protect their crops against pest and diseases, they can plant variations of the same
species. These variation ensure genetic diversity, which makes crops stronger . In this study area they only
cultivate green capsicum , now to protect their crops against disease and pest , they can plant other
varieties such as - yellow, red etc. .
• Crop rotation : It is probably the oldest and simplest system used to maintain the health of the soil .
• They can also use the method of rain water harvesting through creating pond or small water bodies which
reduces the use of ground water and also helps to discharge ground water.
• They can use alternative energy sources, such as solar power: thus reducing their cost of power for
irrigation.
• They can turn crop waste and animal manure into fertilizer, which reduces the use of chemical fertilizers.
• They can use physical removal of weeds , the crop can easily be taken care of without use of chemicals .
And it's also the labour intensive method, thus increasing the seasonal employment opportunities.
 Other methods to overcome these problems are as follows :
• To create awareness among the farmers on the effect of chemical fertilizer and pesticides in the natural
environment,
• Government should provide small scale loan to help the farmers.
• Create gram sabha meeting, discuss about the problems of farmers and their solution.
• Providing agricultural input free of cost , such as seeds, fertilizer, agricultural tools etc. from panchayat
/block level.
•
 PROSPECTS
• Capsicum production in Sondalia is a nely introduced cultivation .
Peoples are interested on capsicum cultivation for the high demand
of capsicum in urban and peri-urban areas , and rural areas also .
And more profit than other crops .
• Hence farmers are more invest in capsicum production , they use
chemical fertilizers , pesticides , and other materials . This field
provide seasonal job opportunity for the local people .
• In recent time the production is decreased and they faced many
problem . Decreased soil fertility . The production of capsicum
increased if the farmers used the organic farming techniques , they
can use organic fertilizers ; solar energy for pump irrigation ; rain
harvesting for surface irrigation ; crop rotation etc. .
• On the other hand govt. helped; such as provide small scale loan ,
provide agri-input , provide advice , reduced agricultural taxes etc.
Can helped to increased the production of capsicum .