Unit 5:

FIRST LAW
APPLIED TO
FLOW
PROCESS
Control Volume
 For any system in any process, the first law
can be written as:
Δ𝐸 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
where E represents all forms of energy stored in
the system.

 For a pure substance,

𝐸 = 𝐸𝐾 + 𝐸𝑃 + 𝑈
Where,
𝐸𝐾 is the kinetic energy
𝐸𝑃 is the potential energy
𝑈 is the residual energy stored in molecular
structure of the substance
Control Volume

 When there is mass transfer across the

system boundary, the system is called an
open system. Most engineering devices
are open systems involving the flow of
fluids through them.

𝚫𝑬𝑲 + 𝚫𝑬𝑷 + 𝜟𝑼 = 𝑸 − 𝑾
 Theequation above refers to a system
having a particular mass of substance,
and is free to move from place to place.
Control Volume
 Steady Flow Process
Control surface Steady flow Steady state

• The surface of • Rates of flow • When there is

the control of mass and a constant
volume energy across rate of flow of
• It is the same the control mass and
as the system surface are energy
boundary of constant through the
an open control
system surface, the
control volume
in course of
time attains a
steady state
 Steady Flow Process
(Steady state)
At the steady state of a system, any thermodynamic
property will have a fixed value at a particular
location, and will not alter with time.

Thermodynamics properties may vary along space

coordinates, but do not vary with time.

Steady state means that the state is steady or

invariant with time.
Mass Balance in a Simple
Steady Flow Process
Conservation of mass
•Mass, like energy, is a conserved
property, and it cannot be created
or destroyed during a process.
•In control volumes
•Mass can cross the boundaries,
and so we must keep track of the
amount of mass entering and
leaving the control volume.
Mass Balance in a Simple
Steady Flow Process
 Bythe conservation of mass, if there is no
accumulation of mass within the control
volume, the mass flow rate entering must
equal to the mass flow rate leaving

𝒎ሶ 𝟏 = 𝒎ሶ 𝟐

𝑨𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝑽𝟐
=
𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐

𝝆𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑨𝟏 = 𝝆𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑨𝟐
Equation of continuity
Problem 5.1

A garden hose attached with a nozzle is

used to fill a 40L bucket. The inner
diameter of the hose is 2cm, and it
reduces to 0.8cm at the nozzle exit. If it
takes 50s to fill the bucket with water,
determine:
 The volume of mass flow rates of the water
through the hose
 The average velocity of water at the nozzle
exit
(density of water is 1000 kg/m3)
 Energy Balance in a Simple
Steady Flow Process
Work transfer in flow process:

• External work
• Refers to all the work transfer across the control surface other than
that due to normal fluid forces
• Such as:
• Shear work (shaft or stirring)
• Electrical work
• Flow work
• Refers to displacement work done by the fluid at the inlet and at
the exit
• Is the work required to push the mass into or out of the control
volume. This work is necessary for maintaining a continuous flow
through a control volume.
Energy Balance in a Simple
Steady Flow Process
Work transfer in flow process:

 Total work transfer is given by:

𝑊 = 𝑊𝑥 − 𝑝1 𝑉 1ሶ 𝑑𝑚1 + 𝑝2 𝑉 ሶ2 𝑑𝑚2

𝛿𝑊 𝛿𝑊𝑥 𝑑𝑚1 𝑑𝑚2

= − 𝑝1 𝑉 1ሶ + 𝑝2 𝑉 ሶ2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝛿𝑊 𝛿𝑊𝑥
= − mሶ 1 𝑝1 𝑉 1ሶ + 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑝2 𝑉 ሶ2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Energy Balance in a Simple
Steady Flow Process
 Since there is no accumulation of energy, by
the conservation of energy, the total rate of
flow of all energy streams entering the control
volume must equal to the total rate of flow of
all energy streams leaving the control
volume.

𝛿𝑄 𝛿𝑊
𝑚ሶ 1 𝑒1 + = 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑒2 +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Where 𝑒1 and 𝑒2 refer to the energy carried into or

out of the control volume with unit mass of fluid.
Energy Balance in a Simple
Steady Flow Process
 Specific energy 𝑒 is given by:
𝑒 = 𝑒𝑘 + 𝑒𝑝 + 𝑢
𝑉2
𝑒= + 𝑍𝑔 + 𝑢
2
 Therefore, the steady flow energy
equation (S.F.E.E) is given as:
𝑉12 𝛿𝑄 𝑉22 𝛿𝑊𝑥
ℎ1 + + 𝑍1 𝑔 + = ℎ2 + + 𝑍2 𝑔 +
2 𝑑𝑚 2 𝑑𝑚
for a single stream of fluid entering and a
single stream of fluid leaving the control
volume.
Energy Balance in a Simple
Steady Flow Process
 S.F.E.Ecan also be written as:
𝑉ത22 − 𝑉ത12
ℎ2 − ℎ1 + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1 = 𝑄 − 𝑊𝑥
2
Or
ത 𝑉ത + 𝑔𝑑𝑍 = 𝛿𝑄 − 𝛿𝑊𝑥
𝑑ℎ + 𝑉𝑑
 When kinetic and potential energy
changes are negligible: Under steady
𝑞 − 𝑤 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 operation, shaft
ሶ 𝑚ሶ work and electrical
𝑞 = 𝑄/ work are the only
𝑤 = 𝑊/ሶ 𝑚ሶ forms of work a
simple
compressible
system may involve
Energy Balance in a Simple
Steady Flow Process
 For steady flow process involving two fluid streams
at the inlet and exit of the control volume
 Mass balance:
𝑚ሶ 1 + 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 3 + 𝑚ሶ 4
𝐴1 𝑉1 𝐴2 𝑉2 𝐴3 𝑉3 𝐴4 𝑉4
+ = +
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3 𝑣4
 Energy balance:
𝑉12 𝑉22 𝛿𝑄
𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ1 + + 𝑍1 𝑔 + 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ2 + + 𝑍2 𝑔 +
2 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑉32 𝑉42 𝛿𝑊𝑥
= 𝑚ሶ 3 ℎ3 + + 𝑍3 𝑔 + 𝑚ሶ 4 ℎ4 + + 𝑍4 𝑔 +
2 2 𝑑𝑡
S.F.E.E (RECAP)
S.F.E.E (RECAP)
S.F.E.E (RECAP)
Some example of steady flow
process
 Thesteady flow energy equation (S.F.E.E)
applies to wide variety of process like
 Pipe line flows
 Heat transfer processes
 Mechanical power generation in engines
and turbines
 Combustion processes
 Flows through nozzles and diffusors
 In certain problems, some of the terms in
S.F.E.E may be negligible or zero
Variable Flow Process
Variable Flow Process
Variable Flow Process
Discharging and Charging
Tank
Application of
variable flow
process

Charging of rigid Discharging a

vessels from fluid from a
supply lines pressurized vessel

Cooking with an
Inflating tires or
ordinary pressure
balloons
cooker
Problem 5.2

A blower handles 1kg/s of air at 20˚C and

consumes a power of 15kW. The inlet and
outlet velocities of air are 100m/s and
150m/s respectively. Find the exit air
temperature, assuming adiabatic
conditions. Take cp of air is 1.005kJ/kgK
(ans: 28.38 ˚C)
Problem 5.3
Problem 5.4
 Problem 5.5

Cp= 1.005kJ/kg˚C
R=0.287kJ/kg ˚C