Week 6 lecture 1+2

Bluetooth
Finish Data Link layer
 - CRC
- CSMA

- Hints for Lab 4

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 WPAN: INTRODUCTION

 A WPAN (Wireless PAN) is a short-distance wireless

network specifically designed to support portable and
mobile computing devices such as PCs, PDAs, wireless
printers and storage devices, cell phones, pagers, set-
top boxes, and a variety of consumer electronics
equipment.

 Bluetooth is an example of a wireless PAN that allows

devices within close proximity to join together in ad hoc
wireless networks in order to exchange information.

 Many cell phones have two radio interfaces-one for the

cellular network and one for PAN connections.

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 IEEE 802.15 WPAN
 Development of standards for short distance wireless
networks used for networking of portable ad mobile
computing devices.
 The original functional requirement was published in
January 22, 1998, and specified devices with:
– Power management: low current consumption
– Range: 0 - 10 meters
– Speed: 19.2 - 100 kbps
– Small size: 0.5 cubic inches without antenna
– Low cost relative to target device
– Should allow overlap of multiple networks in the same
area
– Networking support for a minimum of 16 devices

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 IEEE 802.15 WPAN
 The initial activities in the WPAN group included HomeRF
and Bluetooth group.
 HomeRF currently has its own website [HomeRFweb]
 IEEE 802.15 WPAN has 4 task groups:
– Task group 1: based on Bluetooth. Defines PHY and
MAC for wireless connectivity with fixed, portable,
and moving devices within or entering a personal
operating space.
– Task group 2: focused on coexistence of WPAN and
802.11 WLANs.
– Task group 3: PHY and MAC layers for high-rate
WPANs (higher than 20 Mbps) -- Not bluetooth!
– Task group 4: ultra-low complexity, ultra-low power
consuming, ultra-low cost PHY and MAC layer for data
rates of up to 200 kbps (such as WSN).

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 WPAN: IEEE 802.15.1 –
Bluetooth
 Data rate
– Synchronous, connection-oriented:  Connection set-up time
64 kbit/s – Depends on power-mode
– Asynchronous, connectionless – Max. 2.56s, avg. 0.64s
 433.9 kbit/s symmetric  Quality of Service
 723.2 / 57.6 kbit/s asymmetric
– Guarantees, ARQ/FEC
 Transmission range
 Manageability
– POS (Personal Operating Space)
up to 10 m – Public/private keys needed, key
management not specified, simple
– with special transceivers up to system integration
100 m
 Special Advantages/Disadvantages
 Frequency
– Advantage: already integrated
– Free 2.4 GHz ISM-band into several products, available
 Security worldwide, free ISM-band,
– Challenge/response (SAFER+), several vendors, simple system,
hopping sequence simple ad-hoc networking, peer to
peer, scatternets
 Cost
– Disadvantage: interference on
– 50€ adapter, drop to 5€ if
ISM-band, limited range, max. 8
integrated
devices/network&master, high
 Availability set-up latency
– Integrated into some products,
several vendors
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 WPAN: IEEE 802.15.2 &3
 802.15-2: Coexistence
– Coexistence of Wireless Personal Area Networks (802.15)
and Wireless Local Area Networks (802.11), quantify the
mutual interference
 802.15-3: High-Rate
– Standard for high-rate (20Mbit/s or greater) WPANs, while
still low-power/low-cost
– Data Rates: 11, 22, 33, 44, 55 Mbit/s
– Quality of Service isochronous protocol
– Ad hoc peer-to-peer networking
– Security
– Low power consumption
– Low cost
– Designed to meet the demanding requirements of portable
consumer imaging and multimedia applications
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 WPAN: IEEE 802.15.4
 802.15-4: Low-Rate, Very Low-Power
– Low data rate solution with multi-month to multi-year battery life and
very low complexity
– Potential applications are sensors, interactive toys, smart badges,
remote controls, and home automation
– Data rates of 20-250 kbit/s, latency down to 15 ms
– Master-Slave or Peer-to-Peer operation
– Support for critical latency devices, such as joysticks
– CSMA/CA channel access (data centric), slotted (beacon) or unslotted
– Automatic network establishment by the PAN coordinator
– Dynamic device addressing, flexible addressing format
– Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability
– Power management to ensure low power consumption
– 16 channels in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, 10 channels in the 915 MHz US
ISM band and one channel in the European 868 MHz band
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 Bluetooth Why not use Wireless LANs?
- power
- cost

 A cable replacement technology

 1 Mb/s symbol rate
 Range 10+ meters
 Single chip radio + baseband
– at low power & low price point ($5)
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 Bluetooth
 Idea
– Universal radio interface for ad-hoc wireless
connectivity
– Interconnecting computer and peripherals, handheld
devices, PDAs, cell phones – replacement of IrDA
– Embedded in other devices, goal: 5€/device (2002:
50€/USB Bluetooth)
– Short range (10 m), low power consumption,
license-free 2.45 GHz ISM
– Voice and data transmission, approx. 1 Mbit/s
gross data rate

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 Bluetooth

One of the first modules (Ericsson).

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 Usage Scenarios Examples

 Data Access Points

 Synchronization
 Headset
 Conference Table
 Cordless Computer
 Business Card Exchange
 Instant Postcard
 Computer Speakerphone
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History and hi-tech…

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 Bluetooth
 History
– 1994: Ericsson (Mattison/Haartsen), “MC-link” project
– Renaming of the project: Bluetooth according to Harald
“Blåtand” Gormsen [son of Gorm], King of Denmark in the
10th century
– 1998: foundation of Bluetooth SIG, www.bluetooth.org
– 1999: erection of a rune stone at Ericsson/Lund
– 2001: first consumer products for mass market, spec.
version 1.1 released

 Special Interest Group

– Original founding members: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia,
Toshiba
– Added promoters: 3Com, Agere (was: Lucent), Microsoft,
Motorola
– > 2500 members
– Common specification and certification of products
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 …and the real stone
Located in Jelling, Denmark,
erected by King Harald “Blåtand”
in memory of his parents.
The stone has three sides – one side
showing a picture of Christ.

Inscription:
"Harald king executes these sepulchral
monuments after Gorm, his father and
Thyra, his mother. The Harald who
won the whole of Denmark and Norway This could be the “original”
and turned the Danes to Christianity." colors of the stone. Inscription:
“auk tani karthi kristna” (and
Btw: Blåtand means “of dark complexion”
made the Danes Christians)
(not having a blue tooth…)
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 Characteristics
 2.4 GHz ISM band, 79 RF channels, 1 MHz carrier spacing
– Channel 0: 2402 MHz … channel 78: 2480 MHz
– G-FSK modulation, 1-100 mW transmit power
 FHSS and TDD
– Frequency hopping with 1600 hops/s
– Hopping sequence in a pseudo random fashion, determined by a master
– Time division duplex for send/receive separation
 Voice link – SCO (Synchronous Connection Oriented)
– FEC (forward error correction), no retransmission, 64 kbit/s duplex,
point-to-point, circuit switched
 Data link – ACL (Asynchronous ConnectionLess)
– Asynchronous, fast acknowledge, point-to-multipoint, up to 433.9
kbit/s symmetric or 723.2/57.6 kbit/s asymmetric, packet switched
 Topology
– Overlapping piconets (stars) forming a scatternet
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 Bluetooth Protocol Stack
audio apps. NW apps. vCal/vCard telephony apps. mgmnt. apps.

TCP/UDP OBEX
AT modem
IP
commands
TCS BIN SDP
BNEP PPP Control

RFCOMM (serial line interface)

Audio Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) Host

Controller
Link Manager Interface

Baseband

Radio

AT: attention sequence SDP: service discovery protocol

OBEX: object exchange RFCOMM: radio frequency comm.
TCS BIN: telephony control protocol specification – binary
BNEP: Bluetooth network encapsulation protocol
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 Connection Management
• In the beginning of the formation of a
piconet, all devices are in SB mode, then
one of the devices starts with an inquiry
and becomes the “M” terminal.
• During the inquiry process, “M” registers all
the SB terminals that then become “S”
terminals. After the inquiry process,
identification and timing of all “S” terminals
is sent to “M” using FHS packets.
• The “M” terminal starts a connection with a
PAGE message including its timing and ID to
the “S” terminal.
• When the connection is established, the
communication takes place, and at the end,
the terminal can be sent back to SB, Hold,
park or Sniff states.

Standby: do nothing
Inquiry: search for other devices
Page: connect to a specific device
Connected: participate in a piconet
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 Connection Management
• Hold, Park and Sniff are power-saving
modes.
• The Hold mode is used when connecting
several piconets or managing a low-power
device.
• In the Hold mode, data transfer restarts
as soon as the unit is out of this mode.
• In the Sniff mode, a slave listens to the
piconet at reduced and programmable
intervals according to the applications
needs.
• In the Park mode a device gives up its MAC
address but remains synchronized with the
piconet.
• A Parked device does not participate in the
traffic but occasionally listens to the
traffic of “M” to resynchronize and check
on broadcast messages.

Park: release AMA, get PMA

Sniff: listen periodically, not each slot
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participate in another piconet
 Interference Between
Bluetooth and 802.11
 The WLAN industry specified three levels of overlapping:
– Interference: multiple wireless networks are said to
interfere with one another if co-location causes significant
performance degradation
– Coexistence: multiple wireless networks are said to coexist
if they can be co-located without significant impact on
performance. It provides for the ability of one system to
perform a task in a shared frequency band with other
systems that may or may not be using the same rules for
operation
– Inter-operation: provides for an environment with multiple
wireless systems to perform a given task using a single set
of rules

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 Piconet
 Collection of devices connected in an ad
hoc fashion P
S
 One unit acts as master and the others
S
as slaves for the lifetime of the piconet
M P
 Master determines hopping pattern,
slaves have to synchronize SB S

 Each piconet has a unique hopping pattern P SB

 Participation in a piconet =
synchronization to hopping sequence

M=Master P=Parked
 Each piconet has one master and up to 7
simultaneous slaves (> 200 could be S=Slave SB=Standby
parked)

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 Forming a Piconet
 All devices in a piconet hop together
– Master gives slaves its clock and device ID
 Hopping pattern: determined by device ID (48 bit, unique worldwide)
 Phase in hopping pattern determined by clock
 Addressing
– Active Member Address (AMA, 3 bit)
– Parked Member Address (PMA, 8 bit)

P 
SB  S
SB S
SB M P
SB SB
SB S
SB SB P SB
SB SB
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 Scatternet
 Linking of multiple co-located piconets through the sharing
of common master or slave devices
– Devices can be slave in one piconet and master of another
 Communication between piconets
– Devices jumping back and forth between the piconets

Piconets
(each with a
P capacity of
S S < 1 Mbit/s)
S
P
P
M
M=Master M
SB S
S=Slave
P=Parked P SB SB
SB=Standby
S

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