Chapter 12

Three-Phase Circuits
 Power Factor Correction

Medium Voltage Metal

Enclosed Capacitor Banks

A balanced three-phase circuit

 Three-Phase Voltages

vaa  2 V cos  t
vbb  2 V cos( t  120)
vcc  2 V cos( t  240)

(a) The three windings on a

cylindrical drum used to
obtain three-phase voltages (b) Balanced three-phase
voltages
 Three-Phase Voltages

Generator with six terminals

 Three-Phase Balanced Voltages
Vaa V 0
Vbb V   120
Vcc  V   240  V   120

Phase sequence or phase rotation is abc

Positive Phase Sequence
neutral terminal
Va  V 0
Vc  V   120
Vb  V   240  V   120

Phase sequence or phase rotation is acb

Negative Phase Sequence
 Two Common Methods of Connection

phase voltage

(a) Y-connected sources (b) -connected sources

 Phase and Line Voltages

Vab  Va  Vb
 V p0  V p  120
 V p  V p ( 0.5  j 0.866)
The line-to-line voltage Vab of
the Y-connected source  3V p30
Similarly

Vbc  3V p  90
Vca  3Vp  210
 The Y-to-Y Circuit

A four-wire Y-to-Y circuit

 The Y-to-Y Circuit (cont.)
Four - wire Va Vb Vc
I aA  , IbB  , and I cC 
ZA ZB ZC

InN  IaA  IbB  IcC

The average power delivered by the three-phase source
to the three-phase load
P  PA  PB  PC
When ZA = ZB = ZC the load is said to be balanced

Va V 0 Vb V   120 Vc V 120

I aA   , IbB   , and I cC  
Z A Z  ZB Z  ZC Z 
V V V
I aA     , IbB  (   120), and I cC  (  120)
Z Z Z
 The Y-to-Y Circuit(cont.)
There is no current in the wire connecting the neutral node
of the source to the neutral node of the load.
InN  IaA  IbB  I cC  0
The average power delivered to the load is

P  PA  PB  PC
V V V
 V cos(  )  V cos(  )  V cos(  )
Z Z Z
V2
 3 cos( )
Z
 The Y-to-Y Circuit (cont.)

A three-wire Y-to-Y circuit

 The Y-to-Y Circuit (cont.)
Three - wire We need to solve for VNn
Va  VNn Vb  VNn Vc  VNn
0  
ZA ZB ZC
V 0  VNn V   120  VNn V 120  VNn
  
ZA ZB ZC
Solve for VNn
(V   120) Z AZC  V 120Z AZ B  V 0Z B ZC
VNn 
Z AZC  Z AZ B  Z B ZC

Va  VNn Vb  VNn Vc  VNn

I aA  , IbB  , and I cC 
ZA ZB ZC
 The Y-to-Y Circuit (cont.)
When the circuit is balanced i.e. ZA = ZB = ZC
(V   120)ZZ  V 120ZZ  V 0ZZ
VNn 
ZZ  ZZ  ZZ
0
The average power delivered to the load is

P  PA  PB  PC
V2
 3 cos( )
Z
 The Y-to-Y Circuit (cont.)
Transmission lines

A three-wire Y-to-Y circuit with line impedances

 The Y-to-Y Circuit (cont.)
The analysis of balanced Y-Y circuits is simpler than the
analysis of unbalanced Y-Y circuits.
VNn = 0. It is not necessary to solve for VNn .
The line currents have equal magnitudes and
differ in phase by 120 degree.
Equal power is absorbed by each impedance.

Per-phase equivalent circuit

Example 12.4-1 S = ? Va  1100 Vrms
Vb  110  120 Vrms
Vc  110120 Vrms
Z A  50  j80 
Z B  j50 
ZC  100  j 25 

Unbalanced 4-wire
Va 1100
I aA    1.16  58 A rms
Z A 50  j80
Vb 110  120
IbB    2.2150 A rms
ZB j50
Vc 110120
I cC    1.07  106 A rms
ZC 100  j 25
Example 12.4-1 (cont.)
S A  I*aA Va  68  j109 VA
S B  I*bB Vb  j 242 VA
SC  I*cC Vc  114  j 28 VA

The total complex power delivered to the three-phase load

is

S  S A  S B  SC  182  j379 VA
Example 12.4-2 S = ? Balanced 4-wire
Va  1100 Vrms Z A  50  j80 
Vb  110  120 Vrms Z B  50  j80 
Vc  110120 Vrms ZC  50  j80 

Va 1100
I aA    1.16  58 A rms
Z A 50  j80
S A  I*aAVa  68  j109 VA

The total complex power delivered to the three-phase load

is
S  3S A  204  j326 VA
Also IbB  1.16  177 Arms , IcC  1.1662 Arms

SB  68  j109 VA  SC
 Example 12.4-3 S = ?
Va  1100 Vrms
Vb  110  120 Vrms
Vc  110120 Vrms
Z A  50  j80 
Z B  j50 
Unbalanced 3-wire
ZC  100  j 25 
Determine VNn
(110  120)Z AZC  110120Z AZ B  1100Z B ZC
VNn 
Z AZC  Z AZ B  Z B ZC
 56  151 Vrms
Va  VNn Vb  VNn Vc  VNn
I aA  , IbB  , and I cC 
ZA ZB ZC
Example 12.4-3 (cont.)

IaA  1.71  48, IbB  2.453, and IcC  1.1979

S A  I*aA Va  I*aA (I aAZ A )  146  j 234 VA

S B  I*bB Vb  I*bB (IbB Z B )  j 94 VA
SC  I*cC Vc  I*cC (I cC ZC )  141  j 35 VA

The total complex power delivered to the three-phase load

is
S  S A  S B  SC  287  j364 VA
Example 12.4-4 S = ? Balanced 3-wire
Va  1100 Vrms Z A  50  j80 
Vb  110  120 Vrms Z B  50  j80 
Vc  110120 Vrms ZC  50  j80 

Va 1100
I aA    1.16  58 A rms
Z A 50  j80
S A  I*aAVa  68  j109 VA

The total complex power delivered to the three-phase load

is
S  3S A  204  j326 VA
Example 12.4-5 PLoad = ? PLine = ? PSource = ?

per-phase
Balanced 3-wire equivalent circuit
Va 1000
I aA ( )    1.894  18.7 A
Z A 50  j (377)(0.045)

The phase voltage at the load is

VAN ( )  (40  j(377)(0.04))IaA ( )  812 V
Example 12.4-5 (cont.)
The power delivered by the source is
Vm I m
Pa  cos(V   I )
2
(100)(1.894)
 cos(18.7)  89.7 W
2
The power delivered to the load is
I m2 (1.894)2
PA  Re( Z A )  40  71.7 W
2 2
The power lost in the line is
I m2 (1.894)2
PaA  Re( Z Line )  10  17.9 W
2 2
Line loss  20 %
 The -Connected Source and Load

Vab  1200 Vrms

Vbc  120.1  121 Vrms
Vca  120.2121 Vrms

Circulating ( Vab  Vbc  Vca )

current I  3.75 A
1 Unacceptable

Total resistance around the loop

Therefore the  sources connection is seldom used

in practice.
 The -Y and Y-  Transformation
Z1Z 3
ZA 
Z1  Z 2  Z 3
Z2Z3
ZA ZB
ZB 
Z1  Z 2  Z 3
ZC
Z1Z 2
ZC 
Z1  Z 2  Z 3

Z AZ B  Z B ZC  Z AZC
Z3
Z1 
ZB
Z AZ B  Z B ZC  Z AZC
Z1 Z2 Z2 
ZA
Z A Z B  Z B ZC  Z A ZC
Z3 
ZC
Example
 The Y-  Circuits

VAB
I AB 
Z3
I aA  I AB  ICA VBC
I BC 
IbB  I BC  I AB where Z1

I cC  ICA  I BC ICA 
VCA
Z2
 The Y-  Circuits (cont.)

IaA  I AB  ICA
 I cos   j sin   I cos(  120)  j sin(  120)
 3I (  30)
or
IaA  3 I  I L  3I p
Example 12.6-1 IP = ? IL = ?
220
Va    30 Vrms
3
220
Vb    150 Vrms
3
220
Vc  90 Vrms
3
The -connected load is balanced with Z  1050
VAB
I AB   2250 A rms
VAB  Va  Vb  2200 Vrms Z
VBC  Vb  Vc  220  120 Vrms
I 
VBC
 22  70 A rms
VCA  Vc  Va  220  240 Vrms
BC
Z
VCA
ICA   22  190 A rms
The line currents are Z

IaA  I AB  ICA  22 320, IbB  22 3  100, IcC  22 3  220

 The Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

Y-to- circuit equivalent Y-to-Y circuit

Z
ZY 
3
per-phase equivalent circuit
 Example 12.7-1 IP = ?
Va  1100 Vrms
Vb  110  120 Vrms
Vc  110120 Vrms
Z L  10  j5 
Z   75  j 225 
Z
ZY 
3
 25  j 75 



Va
I aA   1.26  66 A rms
Z L  ZY
 Example 12.7-1 (cont.)
IbB  1.26  186 Arms and IcC  1.26  54 Arms
The voltages in the per-phase equivalent circuit are
VAN  I aAZY  99.65 Vrms
VBN  99.6  115 Vrms
VCN  99.6125 Vrms
The line-to-line voltages are VAB
I AB   0.727  36 A rms
Z
VAB  VAN  VBN  17235 Vrms
VBC  VBN  VCN  172  85 Vrms  I BC 
VBC
Z
 0.727  156 A rms
VCA  VCN  VAN  172155 Vrms
VCA
ICA   0.72784 A rms
Z
 Instantaneous and Average Power in BTP Circuits
One advantage of three-phase power is the smooth flow of
energy to the load.
vab  V cos  t , vbc  V cos( t  120),
The instantaneous power
and vca  V cos( t  240)
2
vab vbc2 vca2 (1  cos 2 t )
p (t )    cos  t 
2
R R R 2
V2
 1  cos 2 t  1  cos 2( t  120)  1  cos 2( t  240)
2R
3V 2 V 2
  cos 2 t  cos(2 t  240) cos(2 t  480)
2R 2R
0
3V 2

2R
Instantaneous and Average Power in BTP Circuits
The total average power delivered to the balanced
Y-connected load is

IaA  I L AI , VAN  VP AV Phase A

PY  3PA  3VP I L cos( AV   AI )

 3VP I L cos( )
VL
3 I L cos( )
3
 3VL I L cos( )
Instantaneous and Average Power in BTP Circuits
The total average power delivered to the balanced
-connected load is

P  3PAB  3VAB I AB cos( )

IL
 3( 3VP ) cos( )
3
 3VP I L cos( )
Example 12.8-1 P = ?
Va  1100 Vrms
Vb  110  120 Vrms
Vc  110120 Vrms
Z L  10  j5 
Z   75  j 225 

Va
I aA   1.26  66 A rms
Z L  ZY
VAN  IaAZY  99.65 Vrms

P  3(99.6)(1.26) cos(5  ( 66))  122.6 W

 Two-Wattmeter Power Measurement
cc = current coil
vc = voltage coil
W1 read
P1  VAB I A cos1
W2 read
P2  VCB I C cos 2

For balanced load with abc phase sequence

1   a  30 and  2   a  30
a is the angle between phase current and phase voltage of phase a
 Two-Wattmeter Power Measurement(cont.)
P  P1  P2
 2VL I L cos cos30
 3VL I L cos
To determine the power factor angle
P1  P2  VL I L 2cos cos30
P1  P2  VL I L (2sin sin30)
P1  P2 VL I L 2 cos cos 30  3
 
P1  P2 VL I L ( 2sin  sin 30) tan 
P1  P2  P1  P2 
 tan   3 or   tan  3
1

P1  P2  P1  P2 
Example 12.9-1 P = ?

Z  1045
line-to-line voltage = 220Vrms
The phase voltage
220
VA    30
3
The line current
VA 220  30
IA    12.7  75 and IB  12.7  195
Z 10 345

P1  VAC I A cos1  2698 W

P2  VBC I B cos 2  723 W
 P  P1  P2  3421 W
Electrodynamic Wattmeter
Digital Power Meter VAR Meter

pf Meter
 Summary
Three-Phase voltages
The Y-to-Y Circuits
The -Connected Source and Load
The Y-to-  Circuits
Balanced Three-Phase Circuits
Instantaneous and Average Power in Bal. 3 Load
Two-Wattmeter Power Measurement