Quantum

Computation
Beyond the Digital Age

Supratik Sarkar
Roll 001410701066
B.ETCE 4th year 2nd semester
Seminar Presentation

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 Moore's Law to the Atomic Scale

Gordon Moore
Co-founder of Intel

50μm 5000× 100×

smaller smaller

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"Nature isn't classical, dammit, and if
you want to make a simulation of
nature, you'd better make it
quantum mechanical, and by golly
it's a wonderful problem, because it
doesn't look so easy."
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 Superconducting QC chips

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 Optical QC

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 Ion-trap QC

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PRIVACY AND SECURITY

ENERGY

ENVIRONMENT

MACHINE LEARNING

CLOUD COMPUTING

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 Quantum Algorithms

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 RSA 2048
2519590847565789349402718324004839857142928212620403202777713783
6043662020707595556264018525880784406918290641249515082189298559
1491761845028084891200728449926873928072877767359714183472702618
9637501497182469116507761337985909570009733045974880842840179742
9100642458691817195118746121515172654632282216869987549182422433
6372590851418654620435767984233871847744479207399342365848238242
8119816381501067481045166037730605620161967625613384414360383390
4414952634432190114657544454178424020924616515723350778707749817
1257724679629263863563732899121548314381678998850404453640235273
81951378636564391212010397122822120720357

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 RSA 2048
Classical Computer Quantum Computer

1 Billion Years 100 seconds

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 Ferredoxin

Find the Ground State!

Classical Computer Quantum Computer Quantum Computer
2012 2015

Infinite
24 Billion years 1 hour
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Power of computation!

• Every qubit added will double the power of computation (2n).

• A 30 qubit computer will be more powerful than the most powerful
supercomputer.
• A 300 qubit computer will be more powerful than all computers on
earth combined.

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 Qubit - A naive idea

In general a column vector — called a “ket”— is denoted by | 〉 and a row

vector —called a “bra”— is denoted by 〈 |.
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 Measurement

New State :

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 Tensor product states

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 Bloch Sphere

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 Unitary Operation
Solving Schrödinger equation!

• Preserves length (norm)

• Preserves inner product

(angle)

Hence
REVERSIBLE !!!
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 Unitary gates
Quantum NOT Gate = Bit Flip (X)

Phase Flip (Z)

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 Hadmard Gate

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 C-NOT Gate
Control

Target

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 No ctrl+C and ctrl+V

No Cloning Theorem: No quantum system can copy a qubit

There cannot be cross terms for cloning!

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 Local Realism
• It is inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should, without
mediation of something else which is not matter, operate on and affect
other matter without mutual contact.
- Isaac Newton (25 Feb. 1693)

• I think that matter must have a separate reality independent of the

measurements. That is an electron has spin, location and so forth even
when it is not being measured. I like to think that the moon is there
even if I am not looking at it.
- Albert Einstein
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 Entanglement and non-locality

• Even if we move one of the qubits to the moon, the global state of the two
qubits cannot be described solely in terms of the individual state of each of
them.

• In particular, if e measure one of the qubits, this apparently instantaneously

affects the other one.
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 Bell States (EPR Pairs)

Cannot be
expressed as
tensor product

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Even Einstein was wrong!
• EPR Paradox
• Einstein believed in Hidden Variable
Theory.
• Bell deviced an experiment known as CHSH
Experiment.
• Bell's Inequalities were violated, proving
Einstein wrong.

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 Yaay! Quantum Works!
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 God does play dice with this peek-a-
boo universe!

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 Quantum Teleportation
The teleportation protocol proceeds as follows:

1. Alice and Bob start by sharing a pair of entangled qubits.

2. Alice performs a measurement involving both her half of the pair, and
the qubit she wants to send.
3. She sends the measurement result m to Bob.
4. Bob performs a correction operation based on the measured result.

At the end of the protocol, the state of Alice's ubit has been transferred to
Bob's qubit.
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 Not the star trek stuff!

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• Deutsch Jozsa Algorithm
• Simon Algorithm
• Shor's Algorithm
• Period Finding
• Quantum Fourier Transform
• Grover Algorithm
• Discrete Logarithm
• Solving Simultaneous Equations
• Quantum Neural Networks
• Quantum Optimization Algorithms (Ant colony, Bee colony)

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 Quantum Parallelism

Allows a QC to work on many computations at once

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 Decoherence
• Problem: Interaction of qubits with environment affects their state,
causing them to not be superimposed/ entangled
- Can partially address this by designing computer to reduce interaction with environment, but
this makes it impractical (for example, by running at low tempmeratures)

• General result: A quantum computation can only proceed for a

limited period of time, before a measurement must be performed
- System limited by ratio of decoherence time to operation latency

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 Decoherence - A Curse

SOLUTION

Topological Quantum Computation (Majorana

Fermions)
(Reduces the need for Quantum Error Correction
Codes)
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 Kitaev's Toy Model - Majorana
Fermions

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 Half-Adder Using IBMqx4 Cloud Quantum
Computer
First, apply Hadamard gate to qubits A and B to create
all possible input permutations.

Second, generate the carry bit C with the Toffoli gate.

Third, generate the sum bit S with a quantum XOR gate.

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 Carry Generator Circuit

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 Sum Generator Circuit

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 Quantum technology you can buy
today

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 Quantum
Annealing

1. Optimization

2. Sampling

1000 qubits
x100m speed

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 Quantum Annealing
Hamiltonian tailored
to your problem!

Based on time
evolution of
quantum state!!!
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 MBQC - Measurement Based QC

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 Future

• Drug design
• Catalyst design
• Room temperature superconductor design - lossless energy transfer
• Combat global warming
• Supra-intelligent AI
• Secured data transfer - Quantum cryptography

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 Reference
• An Introduction to Quantum Computing - Kaye, Laflamme, Mosca
• Quantum Computation and Quantum Information - Nielsen, Chuang
• Quantum Information Theory - Dr. Mark Wilde
• John Bell, https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812386540_0002
• R. P. Feynman, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Vol 21, Nos.
6/7, 1982
• IBM Quantum Experience (URL:
https://quantumexperience.ng.bluemix.net/qx/experience)

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 Welcome to a quantum future !

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