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H rO = �
6
� fH O
(CO2 , g ) + 3H O
f ( H 2 O , l ) �-
� � f (C6 H 6 , l ) �
� H O
�
= -3268 kJ
Find Standard Enthalpy of Formation
The enthalpy of combustion for H2, C(graphite) and CH4 are - 285.8,
- 393.5, and - 890.4 kJ/mol respectively. Calculate the standard
enthalpy of formation Hf for CH4. (correction made)
products
Explain U and H .
Relation between H and U
• H = U + pV
H = U + (pV) for a process (change
- (pV) is small for processes involving condensed phases (solids
and liquids) only
(pV) is generally significant for processes involving gases
H U for processed involving condensed phases only
- (pV) = (nRT) for a gas (ideal gas)
H = U + (ngasRT) for processes involving gases
Change in Temperature of Gas
(ngasRT) = ngasR T
– for a change in temperature of a given amount of gas
H = U + ngasR T
– relation between the change in enthalpy and internal energy of a
given amount of gas when the gas is heated or cooled
Relation between H and U for a Reaction
Involving Gases
H = U + RT ngas
– relation between the enthalpy change and the change in internal
energy for a reaction taking place at constant temperature
• Ex. Calculate the standard reaction enthalpy for the combustion of
propene gas (CH2=CHCH3) and ∆U at 25oC if you have:
H T2 - H T1 = C dT
•
P
T1
T2
H T2 = H T1 + C P dT ---------- (*)
T1
aA + bB cC + dD
T2
T2
- a H m , A T1 + Cp dT + b H m , B T1 +
T m, B
Cp dT
m , A
T1 1
H T2 = cH T +
m ,C 1 dH m , D T1 - aH T +
m, A 1 bH m , B T1
T2
+ (Cp
T1
m ,C + Cpm , D - Cpm , A - Cpm , B )dT
T2
H T2 = H T1 + C P dT
Kirchhoff ’s Law
T1
= H o 25o C + Cp m, g - Cp m,l 373 - 298
H o 25o C = H of H 2O, g - H of H 2O, l
= - 241.82 - - 285.83 kJ / mol
Cp m, g - Cp m ,l = 33.58 - 75.29 = - 41.71J / Kmol
H vap
0
= 44.01 kJ / mol - 41.71x10 -3 kJ / Kmol 75K
= 40.88 kJ / mol
Summary
• Thermodynamics tells which way a process will
go
• Internal energy of an isolated system is constant (work
and heat). We looked at expansion work (reversible
and irreversible).
• Thermochemistry usually deals with heat at constant
pressure, which is the enthalpy.