Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Objectives
1. Determine the emission spectrum of Hydrogen and other elements.
2. Calculate the expected wavelengths of H using the Rydberg equation.
3. Determine the composition of unknown solutions using flame tests.
4. Determine the absorption spectrum of colored solutions and solids.
Animation of the
dispersion of white
light as it travels
through a triangular
prism.
History of Optics & Light Studies
Ibn Alhazen is considered the
“Father of Optics.” He wrote the
“Book of Optics”, which correctly
explained and proved the modern
theory of vision. His experiments
on optics greatly influenced later
scientists.
His experiments included ones
on lenses, mirrors, refraction,
reflection, and the dispersion of
light into its constituent colors. He
studied the electromagnetic aspects
of light, and argued that rays of Ibn Alhazen
light are streams of energy particles (965 – 1039)
traveling in straight lines. Arab Muslim Scientist
“Father of Optics”
Historical Background of Spectroscopy
In 1608, Galileo Galilei is credited as
the first to turn his telescope to the
heavens.
He soon discovered craters on our
Moon, sun spots, the moons of Jupiter,
and that Venus has phases like our
Moon.
Galileo claimed that his observations
only made sense if all the planets
revolved around the Sun (as proposed
by Aristarchus and Copernicus) rather
than the Earth. Galileo Galilei
1564 - 1642
The Inquisition eventually forced Galileo
to publicly recant this conclusion.
A Quantitative Study of Light
Sir Isaac Newton was one of the
first people to study light
scientifically.
In 1672, Newton directed a beam
of white light through a triangular
bar of glass, called a “prism”. He
discovered that the light coming
out of the prism was separated into
bands of colors.
The arrangement of colors
produced by a prism is called a
“spectrum”.
Sir Isaac Newton Prior to this it was believed that
1643 - 1727 “white light” was equal to purity.
Original Studies Of Light Used Only One Prism
In fact, his main contribution was to show that after the sunlight
had been broken down into its components by one prism, if a
narrow ray of the light from the first prism was passed through
another prism there would be no further breakdown.
Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation
A light beam enters the spectrophotometer. The focal point of the beam is
brought to the slit of the spectrophotometer. The light passing through the slit is
reflected off of a collimating mirror and sent to the diffraction grating. The
diffraction grating disperses the parallel beams of light into their component
wavelengths. Each different wavelength comes off of the grating at a slightly
different angle. So the image of the slit is spread out by color similar to a rainbow.
Scanning Spectrophotometer (top view)
In 1900, Planck hypothesized that energy was quantized (i.e., energy can be
gained or lost only in whole-number multiples of the quantity h.) This hypothesis
of quantum properties was later extended by Albert Einstein to include light.
Einstein envisioned light as small discrete particles of energy called photons.
In 1913, Bohr developed a quantum model
for the hydrogen atom.
Proposed a model that the electron
in a hydrogen atom moves around
the nucleus only in certain allowed
circular orbits.
2
Z
E 2.178 1018 J ( 2 )
n
Where Z = Atomic Number
of Element
n = Quantum Number
& the units are Joules.
The permitted energy levels of a hydrogen atom. *Write this equation on top of page 9-7.
Recall that Frequency and Wavelength are related where
frequency times wavelength equals the speed of light.
Wavelength (): Distance between
two consecutive peaks [unit: nm]
Frequency (): Number of waves
per second that pass a given point in
space [unit: s-1 (Hertz)]
=c
*
3. Measure the line spectrum of the gas tubes set up in Room 201.
4. Compare your results with literature values.
Atomic Spectra of Noble Gases
Beilstein Test
If a clean copper wire is coated with a halogen-containing
compound and placed in a flame, the presence of the halogen
is revealed by a green to blue color.
Observe and record the color of the flame for each known sample.
Then determine the unknown compound based on the comparison
between its flame color and those of the known samples.
Flame Tests
Flame Test: A test used in the identification of certain elements.
It is based on the observation that light emitted by any element
gives a unique spectrum when passed through a spectroscope.
Sample Solution
Which color
is being transmitted
by this sample?
Which color
is being absorbed
by this sample?
Sample
Solution
1.2
1.0
Absorbance
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720 760
Wavelengths (nm)
For the Solution first we’ll determine where the maximum absorption occurs.
Absorbance
Beer's law - the linear relationship between absorbance and
concentration of an absorbing species.