Logo1 12

B.A.
(Mahayana Studies)
000-209 Introduction to Computer Science
November 2005 - March 2006
12. Logo (Part 1)
 An introduction to Logo:
drawing, moving, turning,
repetition, and basic procedures.
Overview
 1. What is Logo?
 2. Installing Logo
 3. Basic Commands
 4. Drawing a Square
 5. More Commands
 6. The Repeat Command
continued
000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 2
 7. Procedures
 8. Circle and Square
 9. Drawing a Triangle
 10. Drawing a House
 11. Drawing a Checkboard
 12. MSW Logo Examples

1. What is Logo?
 A programming language developed at the MIT

Artificial Intelligence Lab
 MIT = Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Logo is easy to learn, but powerful.
 Logo has been used in telecommunications,

multimedia, and robotics.

We're using MSW Logo,
2. Installing Logo but there are many other
Logo systems.
 MSW Logo Website:

 http://www.softronix.com/logo.html
 The set-up kit (Windows installer):

 http://www.softronix.com/download/mswlogo65.exe
 Tutorials
 The Great Logo Adventure
http://www.softronix.com/download/tgla.zip
 An Introduction to MSW Logo
http://www.southwest.com.au/~jfuller/logotut/menu.htm
continued
 Double click on mswlogo65.exe to start the
installation.
 The program will be added to the start menu as

"Microsoft Windows Logo".
 called MSW Logo
 The MSWLogo directory contains an Examples/

folder (see end of these slides).
MSW Logo in Action
menus the turtle
status
window editor
turtle drawing
area
command command
box window
command input window

What is the Turtle?
 Originally, the turtle was a robot

that moved around the floor when the user typed
Logo commands into a computer.
 Today, it is a picture on the Logo drawing area

 in MSW Logo, the turtle is drawn as a triangle

3. Basic Commands
 forward <number>
 the larger the number the farther the turtle will go
 if you use a large enough number, the turtle will walk
off the screen and wrap around to the other side
 e.g. forward 40
 back <number>
 the turtle will move backwards
 e.g. back 33
continued
 right <number>
 the number is how many degrees the turtle will turn
right
 e.g. RIGHT 90
 turn the turtle to the right by 90 degrees.
 left <number>
 turns the turtle to the left

4. Drawing a Square type these commands into
the command input window,
pressing <enter> after each
command
forward 100
right 90
forward 100
right 90
forward 100
right 90
forward 100

Error Messages
 Your input:
forward 10 20
 Your input:
back
error
messages

5. More Commands
 penup
 causes the turtle to pick up its pen so that when it
moves no line is drawn
 pendown
 puts the pen back down so drawing starts again
continued
 setpencolor <number>
 changes the colour of the turtle’s pen
 e.g. setpencolor 5
 make your turtle draw a pink line
MSW Logo has

command help
under "Index"
continued
 clean
 clears the turtle's drawing area
 home
 moves the turtle back to the center of the drawing area

Example Using Setpencolor
forward 100
setpencolor 5
right 72
forward 100
setpencolor 14 Because the turtle
right 72 turned right
forward 100 72 degrees
setpencolor 3 5 times, it made
right 72 a pentagon
forward 100
setpencolor 2
right 72
forward 100

6. The Repeat Command
 Get the turtle to do things many times, by using

the repeat command.
 e.g. repeat 4 [forward 10]
 move the turtle forward 10 spaces, 4 times
 the turtle will move forward 40 spaces altogether
 In general, you type:

 repeat <number> [ <commands> ]

Draw a Square with Repeat
repeat 4 [forward 100 right 90]

Using Repeat
 1.What will the following command draw?

 repeat 3 [forward 100 left 120]
 2. Make a circle using the repeat command.

Answer 1: Draw a Triangle
repeat 3 [forward 100 left 120]

Answer 2: Draw a Circle

7. Procedures
 Add a new command to Logo by writing a

procedure.
 to <name of your procedure>

<command 1>
<command 2> A procedure is a new
: command, built out of
end other commands
continued
 For example:
 to square
end
 The new command (procedure) is for drawing a

square
 it can be used just like other Logo commands

Typing in a Procedure
•A "To Mode" window

pops up after you type
to <name of procedure>
•You enter your

procedure line by line,
and type end or press
Cancel to finish.
continued
• After typing
end
continued
 Executing the procedure:
 square
A Circle Procedure
 The program:
 to circle
end
 Test it out:
 circle

The Edall Button
 To add more procedures, or change one you've

already written, click on the Edall button.

Using Edall
 Enter a procedure for drawing a purple pentagon:

 to pentagon
setpencolor 10
end
 In the Editor "File" menu, select "Save and Exit"

when you are finished.

A Pentagon

Saving Procedures
 If want to use the procedures some other time, you

should save them.

8. Circle and Square
 How would you write the procedure

circle_and_square to make a drawing that looks
like this?
 The triangle is the

position of the turtle
at the end of the
procedure.

Procedure
 to circle_and_square
home
clean
forward 50
repeat 3 [left 90 forward 100]
left 90
forward 50
end
 Now change circle_and_square so it uses the
circle procedure.
continued
A procedure calls
another procedure.
circle_and_square
calls
circle

9. Drawing a Triangle
 We want a procedure that draws a triangle with a

flat base.
start
 This requires different turnings of the turtle:
120
3
0
9 120
0
10. Drawing a House
 A simple house is a square with a

triangle on top of it.
 After drawing the square, the turtle

must move to the start of the triangle.
 After drawing the triangle, the turtle

must move back to its original position.

Procedure Calls
square
house
calls
triangle

11. Drawing a Checkboard
 We're going to write a series of procedures that

help us make a checkboard.
 A checkboard is a series of columns.

 A column is a series of squares.
 A square is made from 4 corners.

Procedure Calls
 I'll write four procedures, that call each other in a

chain.
checkboard column square corner

calls

Drawing a Corner
 We want a procedure that draws a straight line,

then turns 90 degrees to the right.
 to corner
forward 20
right 90
end

Where did the Turtle Go?
 hideturtle
 make the turtle invisible
 drawing still occurs, but with no turtle
 showturtle
 makes the turtle visible again

Drawing a Square with Corners
 A square is four
calls to corner:

Drawing a Column with Squares
 A column is eight squares, followed by the turtle

moving back to its starting position.
 After drawing a square, the turtle needs to move

up by 20 to get to the starting position for the
next square.
start
start
continued
Drawing a Checkboard with Columns
 A Checkboard is eight columns.
 After drawing a column, the turtle

must move right to the starting position
for the next column.
 At the end of drawing the checkboard, the turtle

should move back to the lower-left corner of the
checkboard.
12. MSW Logo Examples
Examples/Misc/curves.lgo continued
Examples/3D/Hilbert.lgo
continued
Examples/3D/solar.lgo
continued
Examples/Misc/clock.lgo
continued
Examples/Windows/calc.lgo

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B.A.

12. Logo (Part 1)

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 3

 A programming language developed at the MIT

 Logo is easy to learn, but powerful.

 Logo has been used in telecommunications,

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 4

 MSW Logo Website:

 The set-up kit (Windows installer):

 The program will be added to the start menu as

 The MSWLogo directory contains an Examples/

command input window

 Originally, the turtle was a robot

 Today, it is a picture on the Logo drawing area

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 8

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 10

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 11

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 12

MSW Logo has

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 15

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 16

 Get the turtle to do things many times, by using

 In general, you type:

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 17

repeat 4 [forward 100 right 90]

 1.What will the following command draw?

 2. Make a circle using the repeat command.

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 19

repeat 3 [forward 100 left 120]

repeat 360 [forward 1 right 1]

 Add a new command to Logo by writing a

 to <name of your procedure>

 The new command (procedure) is for drawing a

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 23

•A "To Mode" window

•You enter your

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 27

 To add more procedures, or change one you've

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 28

 Enter a procedure for drawing a purple pentagon:

 In the Editor "File" menu, select "Save and Exit"

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 29

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 30

 If want to use the procedures some other time, you

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 31

 How would you write the procedure

 The triangle is the

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 32

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 34

 We want a procedure that draws a triangle with a

 This requires different turnings of the turtle:

 A simple house is a square with a

 After drawing the square, the turtle

 After drawing the triangle, the turtle

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 37

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 39

 We're going to write a series of procedures that

 A checkboard is a series of columns.

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 40

 I'll write four procedures, that call each other in a

checkboard column square corner

000-209 Intro to CS. 12/logo1 41