Sky Resources Solar Technology Co.

, LTD ----projects Management Training document

Clarification of the Solar Energy
Power Generating
Following two type of the solar energy power generating
Grid-off solar energy power generating
Main used in the area where is no electricity supply or the
telecommunication station which is faraway from the electricity net
or the wireless places.

Key components ： solar panel 、 battery 、 intelligent controller 、 inverter 、

electricity distribution and anti-lighting system. (electricity distribution is close to the
active load).
Advantages ： offer the independent electricity net which will not restricted by the
local public electricity net.
Disadvantages ： much waste of the energy resources or can controller the use of
the solar energy resources. the electricity use is high restricted by the weather
condition, the low efficiency of use and high investment, a little low system life span
(especially say the batter’s life span).
Grid-On PV System

Main use in the place where the city electricity distribution net. It is
the lead direction of New energy from home and all over the world.
Key components: solar panel 、 grid-on inverter 、 electricity distribution and
anti-lighting system （ much simple ).
Advantages ： high efficient use of the system ， long life span ； the
investment cost is some lower ； the use of the electricity will not restricted by the
system itself and the weather condition influence.

Disadvantages ： the return of the electricity powered by solar will be

restricted by the local public electricity net.
The Independent Grid-off Solar Energy Power Generating System
Detailed Introduction
 Solar Panel/Module
Solar Panel is a generating equipment which
can transfer the solar light energy to the DC
electricity energy. It is made as a single
panel when use according to the different
requirements on the power output and its
voltage. It also can be used as several solar
panel connected in series (which is to meet
the demands on voltage) and connected in
parallel (which is to meet the demands on
current). this way can make as the
panel/modules arrays to supply much higher
electricity demands. the solar panel/modules
has many advantages such as high power
efficiency on area ， long life span, and high
reliability ， during the use period, the loss of
the output power is less than 20%.

The structure of the silicon solar panel/ module

The features of Volt-Ampere for PV solar
panel
Generally speaking ， the
solar panel electricity
generating is increased in
percentage with the intensity
of the sunlight. With the
surface temperature increased
of the solar panel slightly
decreased.

The so-called general of the

solar panels that power is in
the sunlight intensity of 1000
W/M2, components, surface
temperature is 20 ℃, Imax *
Umax value.
Photovoltaic module installation angle

Photovoltaic module installed inclination should be guaranteed to receive the

maximum sunlight exposure, in normal circumstances components and the
horizontal direction for the local latitude ± 5 °to 10 °. That is, when the reduction
in the summer, when the increase in the winter. If a fixed angle brackets, the
use of local latitude tilt angle. For example, the city of Shantou to 23.42 °latitude.
Battery discharge curves

 10 hour rate (0.1 CA), 5 hour rate (0.17 CA), 3 hours rate (0.25 CA) discharge
termination voltage: 10.8 V /set; 1 hour rate (0.55 CA) discharge termination
voltage: 10.5 V / set

Termination of battery discharge voltage minimum not more than 9.6 V / only
to ensure that the battery will not over-discharge.
the relationship between Battery life and
temperature curve

In the environmental temperature 15 to 25 ℃ and the proper use of circumstances, the use
of rechargeable batteries floating design life of 5 to 8 years. Environmental temperature on
the battery life is greatly affected when the ambient temperature every 10 ℃ increased
battery life of about 50 % reduction. Therefore, to extend battery life, the battery should
be maintained as far as possible in 15 to 25 ℃.
Block diagram of the solar controller
Small PV power Intelligent Controller
Characteristics ：

1. Solar protection reverse: solar + and - to the anti-

polarity, after correct, it can continue to use.
2. Battery Open circuit protection: If the battery breaks, and
batteries can be rechargeable normally, the controller
will be limited at both ends of load voltage, to ensure
that the load is not injury, if at night or solar battery not
be chartered, the controller due to its own access to
electricity, will not have any action;
Small PV power
3. Overcharge protection: protection of charge voltage
higher than the voltage, automatic shutdown of Intelligent Controller
rechargeable batteries. When the voltage then swap to
maintain voltage, battery enter Float state, when less
than restoring voltage Float closed, are sufficient to
5A 、 10A
enter the state. Have sufficient voltage protection and
restoration of both temperature compensation voltage
Float;
4. When the battery voltage is lower than the protection of
voltage, the controller automatically shut down output
in order to protect the battery from damage;
5. Over voltage protection: When high voltage, output shut
down automatically to protect against electrical
damage. A charge, the release of over-voltage
protection are delayed action to prevent the
disoperation.
6. With temperature compensation function  
7. Variety of control options functions: general charge and
discharge mode, light is turned off mode, the opening of
the shutdown mode
 Mid-Power Photovoltaic Controller
1.LCD display: LCD shows Users Display System important
information such as the battery voltage, the charge
Current and discharge Current, the operation mode and the
system parameters, system status by the digital and English

2. Automatic / manual / night features: Programmable Load Control

Ways to automatically or manually. Manual, manual load
Open or closed. At this time, the evening function invalid. When
choosing night function, the controller closed in the daytime load
detection evening, Mid-Power Photovoltaic Controller
Automatically after a period of time delayed opening load, regular
time, it has been Dynamic load shut down. Regular time and 20A 、 30A
delay time based programmable Determined;
3. Protection features: over-charged, over-discharged, output
overload, over -Pressure, high temperature protection;

4. Float voltage with the temperature compensation function;

5 fast charging functions: the battery voltage falls below a certain
value, rapid Start charging automatically, the controller will
increase battery power Pressure, when the battery voltage achieve
the desired value, started fast charging When Countdown
procedures, regular time, with rapid charging state. Therefore,
Full use of solar energy.
6. Automatic identification functions: the first power, in accordance
with electrical storage controller Pool automatic identification
terminal voltage is 12 V or 24 V system;
7. Mode: normal charge-discharge mode, light is turned off mode,
- The opening of the shutdown mode.
High-Power Photovoltaic Controller
High-Power Photovoltaic Controller High-Power Photovoltaic Controller
50A-100A 150A-200A

Standard 4U Cabinets Standard 6U Cabinets

High-Power Photovoltaic Controller
250A-400A 100A-200A

1200 Standard Cabinets Waterproof Outdoor Mount

 The characteristics of the High-Power Photovoltaic Controller (1)

 DSP chip microcomputer control, the charge and discharge parameters,

temperature compensation coefficient programmable arbitrary , can adapt
to the special requirements of different occasions.

 LCD dot matrix modules that operate in both English and Chinese menu, users can
switch choice;
 Various LED indicator to display photovoltaic charge state and load-off state;
 9 touch buttons;
 Control circuit totally isolated from the main circuit, high anti-jamming capability;

 1-18 Road solar input control;

 Real-time display battery voltage, load current, the total current

photovoltaic, Each PV current, battery temperature, the total number of
hours photovoltaic power generation, the cumulative load of electricity,
and some like several dozen parameters;
The characteristics of the High-Power Photovoltaic Controller (2)
 the historical data and Statistics show: the number of charge cycles, the number of discharges,
the number of overload, short-circuit number;
Programmable voltage generator start-up and shutdown, secondary load-off voltage, wind generator
unloading and recovery voltage, street photosensitive parameters such as voltage switch;

 Users can set up a rechargeable battery discharge protection and the protection of the load-off state;
 With the Second ability to control, that is the main load and secondary load in different battery
voltage electrical point of control;
 Various charge pressure of a "backlash" control functions, to prevent oscillation switch into the state;
 Protection features: with a rechargeable battery, a discharge, output overload, short-circuit, surge,
solar or battery against a short circuit to the anti-battery at night and a series of anti-anti-sufficient
warning and protection;
 RS232/485 interfaces can be allocated to facilitate long-distance remote, remote control; PC control
software can be measured real-time data, alarm information, change control parameters, read the
daily 30 days maximum battery voltage, battery voltage minimum daily PV and the total volume of
electricity consumed by the daily load accumulated historical data;
 Parameter settings and the ability to password-protect users may modify password;
The characteristics of the High-Power Photovoltaic Controller (3)
 Warning: over-voltage, under-voltage, overload, short-circuit protection, such as alarm;
 Multi-channel output report to the police or passive control contact: a rechargeable battery, a
battery discharge, Diesel boot control, load disconnect, controller fault; other user-selectable backup
alarm contact, such as flood alarm;
 Work step by step-ladder pattern of limited mode, PWM mode, the opening of the off-model-
turned-down mode, the clock control mode, the light is turned off early-model, which is the model
for the first two occasions common load, After four model load occasions against the lights, all the
length and timing clock delay can be set up;
 Users can also set up parameters including: are charging pressure, Float voltage, voltage absorption
launched voltage regulator dynamic coefficient of static coefficient Regulators are filling state time
and state absorption time.
 Do not brown-out real-time clock function, display and set the clock;
 Lightning: According to system requirements, install different levels of mine devices;

 A temperature compensation function;

 Portfolio ingenious: alone, but also complementary components scenery, inverter control integration
models
The characteristics of the inverter
★High reliability for new energy generation power plants are often installed in
the mountain and pastoral areas, border, islands, and other traffic
inconvenience, if there are large temperature difference between day and
night, high-altitude and thin air caused by heat, insulation, as well as facing
long transport , once a power failure, repair, the more difficult and therefore
the reliability of the power supply to more stringent requirements.
★ High efficiency, the current generation of new energy sources, high cost per
unit of electricity, the solar panels is expensive, improving the efficiency of
inverter power than improving the efficiency of solar panels more efficient
and more economical.
★ Specifically for high altitude, cold zone designed to be at an altitude of
6,000 m and -40 ℃ use of ambient temperature (Note: the need for the use
of descending).
★ With the discharge of the battery protection, photovoltaic power plants,
wind power is often used for the power station on the battery charge
controller, real-time management of discharge, the battery will be over-
discharge protection with its own power inverter power supply devices to
achieve, not only simplify circuit, reduce costs, but also can avoid the
conventional DC motor controller-off arising from the widening arc, thus
enhancing the reliability of the system.
Block diagram of the inverter
On the load configuration
 Equipment (or other electrical appliances used) on the plate are
generally rated current, voltage data, they are multiplied together to
receive VA value corresponding power. Users must use carefully
inspect the load power in order to avoid overload. With the general
operation of electrical appliances in the state, especially in the standby
power than the actual state of the mark on some low power users to
be used in the use of electrical appliances and of the nominal power, is
starting at the same time consider the impact of current, best left 30 %
of the power cushion to ensure reliable power supply;

The load should be considered motor-5 ~ 7 times the

cushion to impact current.
Inverter Power protection
protection instruction remarks

Output Over-
load Power load more than 150%, 10 seconds
protection after the shutdown output delay
Need to be reset
Short circuit
shutdown
If the output short circuit, inverter power will be
protection
shut down automatically

To protect
Input DC voltage inverter to the anti-polarity, the
against the
inverter will be automatically protected
importation
Input DC voltage is lower than the under voltage Automatically
Under-voltage reset, that is, after
point, inverter power will be shut down
automatically the failure to
eliminate the
Input DC voltage is higher than the pressure output will
Over voltage
point, inverter power will be shut down automatically
automatically resume
Over heating Inverter Power Supply chassis temperature over
protection 75 ℃, the output will be shut down automatically
  Protection of the over-discharged, the battery voltage required to return to work at 226 V or
Theabove
discharged protection
can start again. Backlash is set up in and
order torecovery
prevent voltage under voltage system in
the near oscillations, as shown in Figure 6.1.
 Power attention when booting the first time if the battery voltage is in the release point and
resume work between power will be in the state and show under voltage shutdown.
 Over-discharged protection value and the restoration of working voltage values for the
default settings (subject to user requirements set), general without adjustment. If and where
adjustments, in the PC board (SNMC) found on the potential for VR2 (Figure 7.3 Position
6), such as lowering the release point, then clockwise adjustment; such as raising the release
point, the anti-clockwise adjustment. Potentiometer adjustment semi-circle, the
corresponding change in value of the release point about 7 V, for reference purposes only.

Picture 6.1
the Maintainability of Photovoltaic power system’s
components
1 Some products photovoltaic power system components can be
repaired after used again, known as maintenance parts, but some
parts missing validity beyond repair or restoration costs are too
high, these components as a non-repair components, the following
table lists the photovoltaic power supply
    Attributes of components in the system.

Can be repaired non-repair

Inverter Solar panel
Controller Maintains free lead acid battery
PV water Pump DC lamps
Wind turbine Arrester, fuses, wires
…… ……
 the Maintainability of Photovoltaic power
system’s components
Actually in photovoltaic power system , some components can be maintained but some can not be.
Such as solar panels, maintenance-free batteries, they are difficult to repair after the failure, which
is called as the non-maintenance components, which are directly dealt with a narrow reliability index,
the main reliability, failure rate, the average life expectancy of three indicators, reliability, R (t) refers
to products (or parts) under the conditions set forth in that time to complete the function of the
probability of failure rate λ (t) refers to the moment t work has not yet Failure products, in the
moment unit time in the probability of failure; average life expectancy refers to the use of products from
the beginning until failure occurred experienced by time.
      The controller, inverter power supply can be maintained, such as products or components, and its
main indicators reliability, failure rate and the average time between failures (MTBF) and mean time to
repair faults (MTTR).
           
The components can be maintained and by the maintenance of the components of PV systems, in
general, should be understood as products can be maintained.
The designing of the PV Grid-Off system
Case

：
Requirements: computers, lighting, radar (emotional) of load, time
uncertain, the daily power consumption about 200 KWH ， batteries
to power for three days cloudy.

1. Battery configuration (in accordance with the allocation of work for three rainy days):
 Battery groups voltage: 220 V
 Capacity needs:
(daily needed electricity × rainy days × 1000) / (battery voltage ×discharge capacity)

Discharge capacity:
In the process of battery usage, the battery capacity released by the percentage of its
rated capacity, known as the discharge capacity. Discharge capacity to the protection of
small batteries, the election is generally recommended 0.5
     (200 × 3 × 1000) / (220 * 0.5 * 0.9) = 5754 AH
       choose 2 V1000AH battery of a total of five groups of 110pcs, a total of 550pcs.
The designing of the PV Grid-Off system
2. Solar array configurations:
Need to configure the maximum power to maintain voltage in the vicinity of
220V , Selection of 85 Wp (or other specifications): open-circuit voltage of 22 V,
maximum power point voltage of 17.5, short-circuit current of 545 A.

Configured 220/12 = 18pcs connected in series. Each series power is 18 × 85 =

1530Wp. Each series in accordance with the full power operation of 3.2 hours,
each providing 3.2 × 1530 = 4896 KWH electricity.

   Need solar parallel: the daily consumption / (n = array electricity × efficiency)

     
  At: 200 / (4.9 * 0.85) = 48 Unit: 0.85 controller for solar and other conductors,
such as the efficiency losses.

  The total need to configure 48 × 18 = 864pcs 85 Wp solar panel

The designing of the PV Grid-Off system
3. Solar controller configuration
According to the trade unions and arrays: configuration 9pcs SD22100 solar
controller. Each four-way controller solar arrays.
4. Inverter configuration
  Because users do not have to provide the power size of the load, in
accordance with the working day to 10 hours to estimate, about 30 KW.

        Consider cushion and load activated impact of the proposed configuration
SN22050KS power inverter.

        Meanwhile, in order to protect key equipment, such as radar and work
normally. Recommends that users load individually configured as the key low-
power inverter power, the inverter and battery SN22050KS common DC bus
power, the specific size can be agreed with the users. The low-power inverter
can be purchased as spared machine.
Grid-connected PV system
Renewable energy grid-connected power generating applications
Grid-connected PV inverter introduction
Newest developed 3K 、 5K 、 6K 、 30K 、 50K ， 100k ， 500k Grid-
connected Inverter
the comparative advantages and disadvantages of the structure
and topology of the common grid-connected inverter

•direct inverter system

• Low-frequency
transformer
isolation system
the comparative advantages and disadvantages of the structure
and topology of the common grid-connected inverter

• the high-frequency
isolation system

• the high-frequency
non- isolation system

• Multi- More DC-DC

(MPPT), single inverter
system
 The advantages and disadvantages of direct inverter
system

Advantages:
Eliminates cumbersome Frequency Transformer: high efficiency (96 %), light
weight, simple structure.
Disadvantages:
(1) solar panels and electrical power grids not isolation, solar panels have bipolar
voltage power grids, adverse safety.
(2) DC type solar panel’s voltage is more than 350 V. This solar components, and
even the entire system of higher insulation requirements prone to leakage
phenomenon.
The advantages and disadvantages of the Lowe frequency Transformer
isolation system

Advantages:
Using the frequency transformer to change the voltage and isolate the electricity, it
has the following advantages: simple structure, high reliability, impact resistance,
and good safety performance, MPPT DC voltage 200 V rating in the general-750V.
Disadvantages:
(1) relatively low system efficiency.
(2) heavy
The advantages and disadvantages of high-frequency
isolation system

Advantages:
Having the advantage of electrical isolation as well as light weight, system efficiency 93% .
Disadvantages:
(1) As isolated DC / AC / DC power hierarchy generally smaller, so this topological
structure concentrated in the following 5 KW;
(2) high-frequency DC / AC / DC the work of a high frequency, usually dozens
KHz, or higher, it is more difficult for EMC system design;
(3) the impact of poor system.
 The advantages and disadvantages of the high-frequency
isolation system

Advantages:
Same as the first topology structure, eliminating cumbersome frequency transformer, we can bring the
following advantages: high efficiency, light weight. At the same time joined the BOOST circuit for DC /
DC input voltage DC upgrade, solar array DC input voltage range can be very wide (70 V-750V).
Disadvantages:
(1) Similarly, the solar panels and electrical power grids not isolation, solar panels have bipolar
voltage power grids.
(2) The use of high frequency DC / DC, EMC become even more difficult.
(3) Lower reliability.
Multi- More DC-DC (MPPT), single
inverter system

Advantages:
 Same as the advantage of the high-frequency isolation system
 Due to a number of DC-DC circuit for a number of different tilt array
of access, that is, 1 ~ n arrays can have different MPPT voltage, very
suitable for photovoltaic building.
Disadvantages:
 Not with the high-frequency isolation system
Using the low frequency transformer High power three-
chase High Power grid-connected Inverter system

Using the low frequency transformer High power three-chase

High Power grid-connected Inverter system 10-500KW
multi-level transformation of the High power three-
phase Grid-connected inverter system
The advantages and disadvantages of single machine connecting
to the Grid
Advantages:
Easy centralized control
Relatively low cost
Easy electromagnetic Compatibility
The better ability of the anti-island effect
Disadvantages:
Low reliability, high cost of redundancy to achieve
As all components of PV series-parallel, the relatively
low efficiency of power generation
Reduce the relative safety of
The Way Of Distribution of power, multi-branch Grid-connected
inverter
the characteristics of way Distribution of power, multi-branch
Grid-connected inverter
 Each Parallel unit is made up by the dozens of 1.5 KW, 2KW,
2.5KW, 3KW PV Grid-connected inverters parallel. Multiple
independent inverter use common DC bus and 220 V AC bus,
and then by an independent step-up transformer (220 V/10KV)
to the high-voltage power transmission grid.
 The program is suitable for application in different photovoltaic
arrays tilted surface, or a variety of models of different voltage
photovoltaic arrays and networks. Photovoltaic arrays and
network inverter can have different specifications.
 All the inverter can communicate, remote monitoring and
centralized management through CAN bus or RS485 bus or
Ethernet connected to the network, and upper control of the PC.
the single-phase grid-connected inverter By, Low-frequency transformer
isolation
the single-phase grid-connected inverter By DC boost, high-frequency
transformer isolation
The advantages and disadvantages’ distribution of power, multi-
branch Grid-connected inverter
Advantages:
 Each array independent of each other, and easy to maintain;
 Higher reliability of the whole system;
 Installation flexibility, adaptability good;
 Better safety performance;
 Higher utilization of photovoltaic array

Disadvantages:
 Relatively high cost
 Can be difficult to achieve electromagnetic compatibility
 Require careful design and verification of the ability of anti-island
effect
The way of the grid-connected multi-inverter Parallel
The characteristics of grid-connected multi-inverter
Parallel
 The program calls for installing photovoltaic arrays in the same tilted
surface, and requires each sub-array has the same power, voltage and
same serial and parallel working model. Multi-inverters operate
Parallel connection.
 Under the control of the group controllers, inverter "operation tuning
”, not running when not needed, significantly extend the service life of
the inverter. N + X can be realized redundancy.
 Group controllers provide friendly interface. Users can get the
operating parameters, generating capacity, fault enquiries, parameter
settings and so on successfully through the LCD screen and key
directly.
 the advantages and disadvantages of Parallel grid-connected
multi-inverter
Advantages:
 The whole system reliability;
 Installation of a relatively flexible,
 Applicability good;
 Better safety performance;
 High utilization of photovoltaic arrays;
 Algorithm flexible, centralized control;
Disadvantages:
 Relatively high cost;
 Electromagnetic Compatibility difficult to achieve;
 Require careful design and verification of the ability of anti-island
effect
SG series PV Grid-connected Inverter

*Grid-connected PV system includes the PV modules, Grid-connected

inverter and network measurement devices and distribution system.
*Solar cells can generate DC power electricity
*The power is changed to the same- phase, sine wave current through the
PV Grid-connected inverter directly and enters into the power grids.
Existing product models and specifications
• SG1K5TL 、 SG2K5TL （ Non-isolated ）
• SG3K 、 SG5K 、 SG6K
• SG10K3 、 SG20K3 、 SG30K3 、 SG50K3 、 SG100K3

• SG200K3 、 SG500K3
SG Products Characteristics
 using U.S.A. TI Company’s 32 DSP microprocessor control

 using the fifth generation Intelligent Power Module from Mitsubishi.

 maximum power tracking technology (MPPT)

 night zero power technology (single-phase)

 perfect protection (island effect, over-current, over-temperature, etc.)

 stainless steel shell, all enclosed installation （ SG3K,SG5K,SG6K ）

 monitoring capabilities improved, through RS485, Ethernet, and other

means of communication
SG series PV Grid-connected inverter monitoring software

Interface
 SG series PV grid-connected inverter products pictures

SG1.5KTL PV grid-connected inverter SG3K PV grid-connected inverter SG5k,6K indoors type SG5k,6K outdoors type
PV grid-connected inverter PV grid-connected inverter

SG30K3 ， SG50K3 three- 100KW three-chase SG500K large-scale

chase PV grid-connected inverter PV grid-connected inverter
PV grid-connected inverter
The Contrast Test bed for the Grid-connected Inverter
between Japan's Mitsubishi 、 Germany’s SMA 、 Sky Resource's
Cases

3kw Grid-connected Solar

PV system for Model
100KW Grid-connected Roof Solar PV system
12KW Grid-connected Solar PV system
Design for the Grid-connected Solar Power System

The designing of PV Grid-connected system is very

random, can be big, also be small.
Guangdong region: 1 KWP photovoltaic arrays
(conditions: abundant sunshine)
 Daily 3.2 ~ 3.5 KWH of electricity;

And PV Grid-connect devices and photovoltaic

arrays inverter Matching 1:1
Conclusion
PV Grid-connected system will be an important
trend on the solar photovoltaic application.
PV Grid-connected system can be used to
achieve a variety of topology, and many
technical issues need to be carefully examined
and discussed.
The localization of equipment is required to be
done in advanced, which must abide by the
relevant national and international standards.