iClicker Questions for

Psychology, 9th Edition

by David G. Myers
Karla Gingerich, Colorado State University

Chapter 7: Learning
Through direct experience with animals,
we come to anticipate that dogs will
bark and that birds will chirp. This best
illustrates:
A. the law of effect.
B. spontaneous recovery.
C. respondent behavior.
D. associative learning.
 Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began
salivating at the mere sight of the person
who regularly brought food to them. For
the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):
A. primary reinforcer.
B. unconditional stimulus.
C. immediate reinforcer.
D. conditioned stimulus.
 Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n)
________ comes after a(n) _____.
A. CS; US
B. UR; CS
C. secondary reinforcer; operant behavior
D. negative reinforcer; operant behavior
The predictability of an association between
a CS and a US facilitates an organism's
ability to anticipate the occurrence of the
US. This fact is most likely to be
highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.
A. evolutionary
B. behaviorist
C. cognitive
D. neuroscience
 Researchers condition a flatworm to
contract when exposed to light by
repeatedly pairing the light with electric
shock. The electric shock is a(n):
A. negative reinforcer.
B. conditioned stimulus.
C. conditioned reinforcer.
D. unconditioned stimulus.
If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating
contaminated food, you will probably develop an
aversion to the taste of that food but not to the
sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the
sound of the music you heard there. This best
illustrates that associative learning is constrained by:
A. intrinsic motivation.
B. spontaneous recovery.
C. biological predispositions.
D. conditioned reinforcers.
 After getting ill from eating her friend’s
Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia couldn’t stand the
the sight or smell of turkey. However, when
her friend baked a whole chicken, Natalia
thought it sounded good. This illustrates:
A. generalization.
B. discrimination.
C. extinction.
D. acquisition.
 The law of effect relates most closely to:

A. modeling.
B. operant conditioning.
C. classical conditioning.
D. latent learning.
 For some children who bite themselves or bang
their heads, squirting water into their faces when
they hurt themselves has been observed to decrease
the frequency of these self-abusive behaviors. This
best illustrates the potential value of:
A. punishment.
B. conditioned reinforcers.
C. negative reinforcers.
D. latent learning.
 Occasional, unpredictable reinforcement
usually results in _________ rates of
responding.
A. unpredictable
B. steady
C. delayed
D. speedy
 Mirror neurons are important to the
process of learning because they:

A. enhance cognitive maps.

B. enable imitation.
C. provide a neurological basis for operant
conditioning.
D. explain aversive conditioning.
 A hay fever sufferer sees a flower on a
restaurant table and, not realizing it is plastic,
experiences a rapidly accelerating heartbeat
and profuse perspiration. This most clearly
illustrates that stress reactions can result from:
A. hypertension.
B. atherosclerosis.
C. classical conditioning.
D. the proliferation of lymphocytes.
Critical Thinking Questions
 Martin likes to shower in the men’s locker room after
working out. During a shower he hears a toilet flushing
nearby. Suddenly boiling hot water comes out of the
showerhead, causing Martin serious discomfort. Later on in
the shower, he hears another toilet flush and he
immediately jumps out from under the showerhead. In this
scenario, what is the unconditioned response (UR)?
A. jumping out of the shower
B. sound of the toilet flushing
C. pain avoidance
D. boiling hot water
 A child is sent to his room with no supper
because he presented a bad report card to his
parents. The parent’s intent was to:
A. punish poor academic performance.
B. negatively reinforce poor academic
performance.
C. extinguish poor academic performance.
D. partially reinforce poor academic performance.
 Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had become
tainted from being in the sun too long. Not long
after eating, Brian became extremely nauseated and
felt awful. After that, even the sight of a tuna
sandwich caused Brian to feel nauseated. In this
scenario, what is the conditioned response (CR)?
A. tuna
B. nausea
C. mayonnaise
D. sight of any sandwich
Luke gets paid a fixed sum after every
four pianos he tunes. He is on a
_________ schedule of reinforcement.
A. fixed interval
B. fixed ratio
C. variable interval
D. variable ratio
 Extinction occurs ___________ in classical
conditioning and ___________ in operant
conditioning.
A. when the CS is presented with the US; when
reinforcement increases
B. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly;
when reinforcement increases
C. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly;
when reinforcement stops
D. when the CS is presented with the US; when
reinforcement stops