Electrical Sciences (EEE A 102) : Dr. Rajiv Ranjan Singh

Electrical Sciences
(EEE A 102)
Dr. Rajiv Ranjan Singh

Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Presidency University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Outline (Lecture – 01)
 Introduction to Electrical Sciences

 Why Electrical Sciences?
 About the Course and its Organization
29-01-2016 Electrical Sciences (EEE A 102), @2016, Dr. Rajiv Ranjan Singh 2
Course Objective
 To provide a comprehensive understanding of the laws and rules of

electricity and their applications.
 To explain the operation and characteristics of electronic components and
their applications.
 To describe the construction and operation of transformers and electrical
machines like DC Motors, Induction Motors etc.
 To explain the operation of electronic and analogue measuring instruments
like ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters, CRO etc.
Text Books and Reference
Materials
Text book(s):
 T1. John Hiley, Keith Brown and Ian McKenzie Smith, "Hughes Electrical
and Electronic Technology" 10th Edition (Indian Edition published by
Dorling Kindersley), Pearson, 2011
Reference book(s):
 R1. Samarajit Ghosh, "Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering", 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall India, 2007.
 R2. B.L. Thereja, "Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and
Electronics", S Chand, 2006.
Electrical Engineering
Electrical Engineering deals with the study and applications of the following:
– Electricity
– Electronics
– Electromagnetism
Electrical Engineering deals with the technology of electricity.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Electrical Engineers design,

develop, test and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment, such
as electric motors, radar and navigation systems, communications systems
and power generation equipment.
Electricity Carries
Information Energy
Analog signals
Digital signals Heater, vacuum cleaner, motors, ...
Sensor readings, analog
communications, TV signals, Digital communication,
control signals, button press computer networks,
(doorbell) microcontrollers, ... TV, LCD displays (info + elect. -> light)
Audio amplifiers (info + elect.-> sound)
Subfields
Electrical Engineering Subfields:
– Electricity
– Electronics
– Digital Computers
– Power Engineering
– Telecommunications
– Control Systems
– Radio Frequency Engineering
– Instrumentation
– Microelectronics
Subfields
Power:
Creation, storage, and distribution of electricity. E.g.
Thermal. Hydroelectric, Solar Power etc.
Control:
Design of dynamic systems and controllers for the
systems. E.g. Cruise Control, ABS etc.
Electronics/Microelectronics:
Design of integrated circuits, microprocessors,
consumer electronic products etc.
Signal Processing: Processing and Analysis of signals
Subfields
Telecommunications:
Design of transmission systems (voice, data).
E.g. Internet, Mobile Communication Systems etc.
Computer:
Design and development of computer systems.
E.g. Computer Hardware and Peripherals etc.
Instrumentation:
Design of sensors and data acquisition equipment.
E.g. Health Diagnostic Devices, Glucometer etc.
Applications in Electrical /
Electronics Field
A Typical Basic Electrical Sciences Laboratory
Some Important Symbols
A Solar Cell Plant
Applications in Computer
Science Field
Supercomputer
Computers and Peripherals

Applications in Mechanical
Field
A turbine design requires collaboration of Learning robot, CNC Mill workbench

Mechanical (mechanical assembly and and CNC Lathe
machine design), Electrical (electro-
magnetic) and Chemical (chemical
processes) Engineers
Applications in Mechanical
Field
Engines of a Race Machine Electrical Vehicle Charging Station
 Mechatronics
 MEMS
A Welding Robot  Biomechanics
 Acoustics
Applications in Civil Field
Hydroelectric Power Genetation
Applications in Civil Field
Smart Building Example:

Burj Khalifa, Dubai
Structural Health Monitoring of

Smart Buildings: Burj Khalifa, Dubai
Applications in Chemical
(Petroleum) Field
A Nuclear Reactor
Christopher Cassidy of NASA works on the Capillary

Flow Experiment aboard the International Space
Station. (Source: Wikipedia)
A Chemical Process Control Plant
Charge
 Symbol => ‘q’ Electron:

 Unit => Coulomb ‘C’ qe = -1.602x10-19 C
 Fundamental electric quantity
(Characteristic property of subatomic
Proton:
-
particles responsible for electric
phenomena) qp = 1.602x10-19 C
 Like Charges => repel
 Unlike Charge => Attract +
 Source of fundamental force in
1 coulomb = 6.25 × 1018 e
nature
e = elementary charge = charge of proton
Charge
Coulomb’s Law
q1 q2
r (meters)
(Newtons)
F1,2 is the electrostatic force exerted on charge 1 due to the presence of

charge 2
ke is the Coulomb constant ke = 8.987 x 109 N x m2 x C-2

Current
 Symbol => ‘I’

 Unit => Ampere ‘A’
 Current is rate of flow of negatively-charged particles, called electrons,
through a predetermined cross-sectional area in a conductor.
 An ampere (A) is the number of electrons having a total charge of 1 C
moving through a given cross section in 1 s (Ampere = Coulombs / Sec).
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠 𝑑𝑞
 𝐼= = => 𝐼 (𝑡) =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡
 The conventional current is assumed to flow in the direction of positive

charge flow.
Voltage
 Symbol => ‘V’

 Unit => Volt
 The voltage across an element is the work (energy) required to move a
unit of positive charge from the lower potential ( - ) terminal to the higher
potential ( + ) terminal.
 A volt is the potential difference (voltage) between two points when 1
joule of energy is used to move 1 coulomb of charge from one point to
the other.
𝑊 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
 𝑉= = = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑄 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠
Voltage
Vab Voltage at terminal a with respect to

terminal b
Vba Voltage at terminal b with respect to

terminal a
Vab = -Vba
Note: In a circuit, voltage is often defined relative to “ground”
Resistors
 Resistance is the measure of opposition to the flow of charge through a

load
 Symbol => R
 Depends on geometry and resistivity of the material
- Copper => 1.673E-8 Ohm-meters
- Lead => 20.648E-8 Ohm-meters
 Resistance of a cylinder with length ‘𝑙’ and cross section area ‘A’ is given
𝑙
by 𝑅 = 𝜌
𝐴
where ρ = Resistivity of an element in ohm-meters

 E.g. 100 Ω, 10 KΩ, 20 MΩ etc.
Resistors
Symbol for resistor Carbon Composition Resistors
Resistors
Wire-wound resistors.
(a) Cement coated on Variable resistors.
a ceramic former; Resistor types and symbols
(a) Wire-wound;
(b) Vitreous enamel (b) Mains ‘dropper’ resistor
coated on a ceramic with ﬁxed tappings;
former cement coated on a
ceramic former
Resistors
Resistors
Band color Digit Multiplier
Black 0 X1
Brown 1 X10
Color Tolerance Red 2 X100
Brown 1% Orange 3 X1000
Yellow 4 X10000
Red 2%
Green 5 X100000
Gold 5% Blue 6 X1000000
Silver 10% Purple (Violet) 7 X10000000
Grey 8 X100000000
None ±20%
White 9 X1000000000
Silver - x.01
Gold - x.1
Resistors
Example
Resistors
 First band is yellow => so the first digit is 4

 Second band is violet => so the second digit is 7
 Third band is red => so the multiplier is 102
 Resistor value is => 47 x 102 = 4700 Ω = 4.7 KΩ
Readily Available Resistors
Ohm’s Law
 The p.d. across the ends of a conductor is proportional to the current

flowing in the conductor
i.e. V ∝ I
 Ohm’s Law is satisfied by materials which
exhibit linear relationships (v = ± iR)
 Non-linear => v = ± f(i), as shown below.
Conductors and Insulators
 Conductors: For e.g. wires have very low resistance (< 0.1 Ω ), usually said
to be negligible => wires have zero resistance
 Insulators: For e.g. air have very large resistance (> 50 MΩ), usually
omitted from circuit analysis purpose
About the Course: Handout
Discussion
Evaluation scheme:
EC Evaluation
Duration Weightage Date and Time Remarks
No. Component
1 Test 1 50 minutes 15% To be announced later Closed book
2 Test 2 50 minutes 20% To be announced later Closed book
3 Assignments - 10% - -
4 Quiz 30 minutes 10% - Closed book
5 Attendance - 5% - -
Open + Closed
6 Comprehensive 3 hours 40% To be announced later
book
Next Lecture
 DC Circuits: Series, Parallel

 Power and Energy
Thank You!
© These lecture slides have been prepared for the benefits of the registered students of the course
Electrical Sciences (EEE A 102) of Presidency University, Bengaluru. Anybody who may wish to use
these slides for educational purpose could use it without any explicit permission. Any kind of redistribution,
alteration, and commercial use of this material is strictly prohibited.

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Electrical Sciences

Dr. Rajiv Ranjan Singh

 Introduction to Electrical Sciences

 To provide a comprehensive understanding of the laws and rules of

Electrical Engineering deals with the technology of electricity.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Electrical Engineers design,

Signal Processing: Processing and Analysis of signals

A Typical Basic Electrical Sciences Laboratory

Some Important Symbols

A Solar Cell Plant

Computers and Peripherals

A turbine design requires collaboration of Learning robot, CNC Mill workbench

Engines of a Race Machine Electrical Vehicle Charging Station

Hydroelectric Power Genetation

Smart Building Example:

Structural Health Monitoring of

Christopher Cassidy of NASA works on the Capillary

A Chemical Process Control Plant

 Symbol => ‘q’ Electron:

F1,2 is the electrostatic force exerted on charge 1 due to the presence of

ke is the Coulomb constant ke = 8.987 x 109 N x m2 x C-2

 Symbol => ‘I’

 The conventional current is assumed to flow in the direction of positive

 Symbol => ‘V’

Vab Voltage at terminal a with respect to

Vba Voltage at terminal b with respect to

Note: In a circuit, voltage is often defined relative to “ground”

 Resistance is the measure of opposition to the flow of charge through a

where ρ = Resistivity of an element in ohm-meters

Symbol for resistor Carbon Composition Resistors

 First band is yellow => so the first digit is 4

 Resistor value is => 47 x 102 = 4700 Ω = 4.7 KΩ

 The p.d. across the ends of a conductor is proportional to the current

1 Test 1 50 minutes 15% To be announced later Closed book

2 Test 2 50 minutes 20% To be announced later Closed book

4 Quiz 30 minutes 10% - Closed book

 DC Circuits: Series, Parallel

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