ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

It involves the scientific study of the structure,

properties, composition, reactions, and
preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of
carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and
their derivatives.
 HYDROCARBON

• an organic compound consisting entirely of

hydrogen and carbon.

C x Hx
Sigma bond

• A single bond
• Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes or paraffins) are the
simplest of the hydrocarbon species and are composed
entirely of single bonds and are saturated with
hydrogen.

• Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or

triple bonds (pi bond) between carbon atoms.
– Alkenes (olefins) has a double bond
– Alkyne has a triple bond
 Naming of Hydrocarbon
CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2

n ALKANE ALKENE ALKYNE

1 METHane _______ _______

2 ETHane ETHene ETHyne

3 PROPane PROPene PROPyne

4 BUTane BUTene BUTyne

5, 6 so on PENTane, PENTene, PENTyne,

HEXane … so on HEXene … so on HEXyne … so on
 Introduction to Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics

 is the scientific study of the interconversion of

heat and other kinds of energy.
 The Nature of Energy

 Energy

-is usually defined as the capacity to do work.

 The Nature of Energy

Work

-directed energy change resulting from a process.

 Types of Energy

Radiant energy

comes from the sun and is

earth’s primary energy source.
 Chemical Energy


Thermal energy

is the energy associated with the

random motion of atoms and molecules.
 Types of Energy

Chemical Energy

 is stored within the structural

units of chemical substances.
 Types of Energy

Potential Energy

is energy available by virtue of an

object’s position.
 Types of Energy

Kinetic Energy

the energy produced by a

moving object.
 Law of Conservation of Energy
 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but
it can be transformed from one form to another.

 the total quantity of energy in the universe is

assumed constant.
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Heat

 is the transfer of thermal energy between two

bodies that are at different temperatures
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Surroundings

 are the rest of the universe outside the system.

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Systems

 usually include substance involved in chemical

and physical changes.
 3 types of systems

Open system
Closed system
Isolated system
 Open system

 can exchange mass and energy, usually in the form of heat with
its surroundings.

 Closed system

 allows the transfer of energy (heat) but not mass.

 Isolated system

 does not allow the transfer of either mass or energy.

Exothermic process

 any process that gives off heat-that is, transfers

thermal energy to the surroundings.

Endothermic process

 in which heat has to be supplied to the system.

 Change of Internal Energy

∆E= Ef-Ei
Ef-internal energies of the system in the final
states respectively .
Ei-internal energies of the system in the initial
states respectively .
 The internal energy of a system has two
components:

Kinetic energy

Potential Energy
 Work and Heat

Work

 done by the gas on the surroundings.

W=-P∆
 Work

 ∆V= the change in volume is given by Vf-Vi

1L.atm = 101.3 J
 Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions
Enthalpy

H=E+PV
H=enthalpy
E=is a internal energy of the system
P=pressure of the system
V=volume of the system
 Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions

Enthalpy of Reactions

 The difference between the enthalpies of the

products and the enthalpies of the reactants.
 Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions
Thermochemical Equations

∆H=6.01 kJ/mol

The “per mole” in the unit for ∆H means that this

is the enthalpy change per mole of the reaction
(or process) as it is written.
 Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions
• A Comparison of ∆H and ∆E

∆E=∆H-P∆V
∆E=∆H-RT∆n

∆n=number of moles of product gases-number of

moles of reactant gases
 Standard Enthalpy of Formation and
Reaction

Standard Enthalpy of Formation (∆H۫f)

 the “sea level” reference point for all enthalpy

expressions.
 Standard Enthalpy of Formation and
Reaction

Standard Enthalpy of Reaction(∆H۫rxn)

 The enthalpy of a reaction carried out at 1 atm.

 Calorimetry

 The measurement of heat changes.

Calorimeter- a device that measured the

heat changes in physical and
chemical processes.
Constant-Volume

 refers to the volume of the container which

doest not change during the reaction.
 Calorimetry

Constant-Volume Calorimetry

 heat of combustion is usually measured by

placing a known mass of a compound in a
steel container.
 Calorimetry

Constant-Pressure Calorimetry

 which is used to determine the heat changes for

noncombustion reactions.

1 cal=4.184J
THERMOCHEMISTRY

is the study of heat

change in chemical
reactions.
 Heat

heat is not a state function.

 Specific Heat and Heat Capacity
Specific heat (s)- is the amount of heat required
to raise the temperature of 1 gram pf the
substance by 1 degree Celsius.

Heat Capacity (C)- is the amount of heat

required to raise the temperature of a given
quantity of the substance by 1 degree Celsius.
Heat Capacity

C=ms