Solar Radiation Calculation11

METEOROLOGICAL RADIATION
INSTRUMENT AND CALIBRATION
LU WENHUA
Professor
National Station for Meteorological Metrology
Meteorological Observation Center,CMA
2013-06-24
中国气象局气象探测中心
CMA Meteorological Observation Centre
CONTENTS
Outline
Working instruments
Traceability
Radiometric Standards
Calibration methods
Performance test
Standardization and regulations
Ending
Outline
Earth’s energy budget

diagram
Meteorological Radiation
Meteorological Radiation:
Solar radiation and terrestrial radiation
• Since the spectral distributions of solar and
terrestrial radiation overlap very little, they can
very often be treated separately in measurements
and computations.
• In meteorology, the sum of both types is called
total radiation.
Solar radiation spectrum
• The radiation visible to the human eye is called
light. The spectral range of visible radiation is
defined by the spectral luminous efficiency for the
standard observer.
• The lower limit: 360 and 400 nm,
• The upper limit: 760 and 830 nm (ICI, 1987).
• Thus, 99 per cent of the visible radiation lies: 400
to 730 nm.
• The radiation of wavelengths shorter than about
400 nm is called ultraviolet (UV), longer than about
800 nm, infrared radiation.
UV
The UV range is
sometimes divided
into three sub-ranges
(IEC, 1987):
UV-A：315…400nm；
UV-B：280…315nm；
UV-C：100…280nm；
Direct Solar Radiation
• S: Solar radiation from the sun and a narrow
annulus of the sky (a half-angle of about 2.5°
from the sun’s center)intercepted by a surface
perpendicular to the surface pointed at the center
of the sun.
Global Solar Radiation
Eg↓: Solar radiation received from a solid angle of
2π sr on a horizontal surface, including horizontal
component of direct solar radiation and diffuse
horizontal radiation Ed↓.
Shading by cloud: Eg↓＝ Ed↓

Night: Eg↓＝0
Diffuse Radiation
• Ed↓: Solar radiation (short-wave component)
reaching the earth’s surface from a solid angle of
2π sr after been scattered by atmosphere or
reflected by cloud, measured with the
pyranometer by screening the direct solar
component with a shading device.
Reflected Radiation
• Er↑: Short-wave radiation reflected by the ground
Long-wave radiation
• Terrestrial long-wave radiation El↑:
– Long-wave radiation upward emitting from the
earth’s surface (including long-wave radiation
reflected from the earth’s surface), closely related
with surface temperature.
• Atmospheric long-wave radiation El↓:
– Long-wave radiation downward emitting from the
atmosphere, also called atmospheric counter
radiation.
• Total Radiation
– Sum of short-wave radiation and long-wave
radiation, wavelength range from 0.3 to 100 µm.
Net radiation
• Net radiation E*:
– Difference between downward radiation (global
solar radiation and atmospheric long-wave
radiation ) and upward radiation (reflected radiation
and terrestrial long-wave radiation ), also called
radiation balance
• Solar constant S0
– Solar irradiance at normal incidence outside the
atmosphere (extraterrestrial) at the mean sun-earth
distance. Optimum value recommended by WMO,
1981: S0＝1367±7W·m-2。
Nomenclature of radiometric quantities：
Irradiance E: Radiant flux of any origin incident
onto an area element
Units: W﹒m-2
Radiant exposure H: May be used for daily sums of
global radiation
Units: W/m-2
H=∫E dt
Solar radiation observation in China
98 third class sites
17 first class sites
Instruments in operational use
• Radiation- Global, diffuse, reflected radiation pyranometer
TBQ-2B,Huayun FS-S6,Wuxi CMP11,CMP21,

Meteorological instruments Co. Meteorological instruments Co. kipp&Zonen
thermopile
thermopile thermopile
SR11, Hukseflux
FS-PE
photoelectric thermopile
• Radiation- direct radiation pyrheliometer
TBS-2-B,Huayun FS-S6,Wuxi CHP1,
Meteorological instruments Co. Meteorological instruments Co. kipp&Zonen
2AP
FS-ST
solar tracker
High accuracy solar radiation observation system
Measuring with ventilation
• Radiation- long-wave radiation pyrgeometer
FS-T1,Wuxi CGR3,CGR4,
Meteorological instruments Co. kipp&Zonen
upward &downward long-wave
• Radiation- net total radiation net radiometer
FNP-2,Huayun CNR4,
Meteorological instruments Co. kipp&Zonen
replace Four component:2 pyranometer, 2pyrgeometer
kipp&Zonen Hukseflux CMA Meteorological Observation Centre
• Radiation-UV, photosynthetically active radiation
UVS-E,
FS-PR,Wuxi
kipp&Zonen
Meteorological instruments Co.
UVA&UVB, photosynthetically active radiation
• Rotary roller radiometer
FS-R3,Wuxi RSR2,Tianjin
Meteorological instruments Co. meteorological instruments Co.
Through the rotation of the rotating arm, it can measure global, direct and
diffuse radiation all at once.
Data acquisition system
CAWS600-SE data acquisition unit
Case
DT500
Communication unit Switch
CAWS-QJ01
Lightning protection
CAWS-FL02
Pressure
Sensor
Shielded wire clamp

Static tube
Data acquisition system
Traceability
• Calibration of radiometric instruments is to transmit the
basic reference maintained by World Radiation Center
(WRC）to Regional and National Radiation Centers,
in turn, they transmit their own standards to the
network instruments.
• WRC is responsible for maintaining the basic
reference, the World Standard Group (WSG), which is
used to establish the World Radiometric Reference
(WRR).
• China Meteorological Administration (CMA) is
responsible for calibration and classification of
radiometric instruments in China.
World Radiometric Reference (WRR)
• History, several radiation references or scales have
been used in meteorology:
① The Ångström scale of 1905;
② The Smithsonian scale of 1913;
③ The international pyrheliometric scale of 1956 (IPS 1956).
• Recent years, with the developments in absolute
radiometry, the uncertainty of radiation measurements
have been very much reduced .
• A WRR has been defined with the results of many
comparisons of 15 individual absolute pyrheliometers
of 10 different types.
• The old scales can be transferred into the WRR
using the following factors:
WRR
 1.026
Angstrom scale 1905
• The WRR is accepted as representing the physical

units of total irradiance within 0.3 per cent (99
percent uncertainty of the measured value).
World standard group (WSG)
• Realization of the WRR: WSG, a group of at least four
absolute pyrheliometers of different design, fulfill the
following specifications:
– (a) Long-term stability must be better than 0.2 percent of the
measured value;
– (b) The 95 per cent uncertainty of the series of
measurements with the instrument must lie within the limits
of the uncertainty of the WRR;
– (c) The instrument has to have a different design from the
other WSG instruments.
• WSG is kept at the WRC Davos
• To meet the long-term stability criteria, the instruments

of the WSG are the subjects of an inter-comparison at
least once a year
Computation of world radiometric reference values
• To calibrate radiometric instruments, the reading of a

WSG instrument, or one that is directly traceable to
the WSG, should be used.
• During inter-national pyrheliometer comparisons
(IPCs), the WRR value is calculated from the mean of
at least three participating instruments of the WSG. To
yield WRR values, the readings of the WSG
instruments are always corrected with the individual
reduction factor, which is determined at the time of
their incorporation into the WSG.
Value transfer system
World or Asia Radiation Center

Radiation Reference
H-F type and PMO-6 type
Every five years absolute cavity
radiometers
CMA Reference(National)
Every two years
Working Standard
Standard pyrheliometer
+
Standard pyranometer
Observation Site
China solar radiation standard group
PMO-6 Pyrheliometer
H-F Cavity
pyrheliometer
CMP22
Pyranometer
CG4
pyrgeometer
Ultraviolet
radimoter
Spectral irradiance standards
• The spectral irradiance standard in meteorology
has been directly compared to the primary
irradiance standard of National Institute of
Metrology (NIM) China. By shortcutting this
calibration chain, the error is greatly decreased.
Spectral irradiance calibration chain
Fig. 6 Schematic view of the spectral irradiance calibration chain
• China Meteorological Administration(CMA) has
established meteorological measurement standards of
photosynthetic effective radiation and ultraviolet
radiation in 2010.
DMc150 Double Monochromator
UVA(315~400nm)
UVB(280~315nm)
Total UV(280~400nm)
Erythemal(250~400nm)
PAR(400~700nm)
DTMc300 Multiple-Grating Double Monochromator

UVA(315~400nm)
UVB(280~315nm)
Total UV(280~400nm)
Erythemal(250~400nm)
UVB(280~320nm)
Double monochromator of DTMc300 Optical bench
DTMc300 wavelength calibration using mercury lamp 中国气象局气象探测中心

UV comparison outdoors
Calibration methods
• The calibration parameter of a pyranometer is
sensitivity (µV/W•m-2)
• For pyrheliometer and pyranometer, the method is
different
Calibration of pyrheliometer
• Using the sun as the source
• Calibrated by comparison with a pyrheliometer
that has traceability to the WSG
• A likely uncertainty of calibration equal to or
better than the pyrheliometer being calibrated.
• Influence factors:
– geometry structure of instrument
– variability of the solar irradiance
– environmental conditions, such as temperature,
pressure and net long-wave irradiance
• High quality of calibration: very clear and stable

days
Calibration of pyranometer
• There are a variety of methods for calibrating pyranometers using the
sun or laboratory sources. These include the following:
– (1) By comparison with a standard pyrheliometer using the sun as a
source, with a removable shading disc for the pyranometer;
S  sinh  U un  U s  / k
k （U un  U s）S  sinh
k: The sensitivity of the pyranometer to be calibrated (µV/W m–2);

S: The direct solar irradiance measured with the pyrheliometer (W m–2);
h: The apparent solar elevation at the time of reading;
Uun: The output signal of the pyranometer (µV) in unshaded mode;
Us: The output signal of the pyranometer (µV) in shaded mode;
• (2) By comparison with a standard pyrheliometer for the direct solar
irradiance and a calibrated shaded pyranometer for the diffuse sky irradiance;
S  sinh  U s ks  U / k
k  U  S  sinh  U s k s 

U: The global irradiance output of the pyranometer to be calibrated (µV)
S: The direct solar irradiance measured with the pyrheliometer (W m–2);
h: The apparent solar elevation at the time of reading;
ks: The sensitivity of the shaded reference pyranometer (µV/W m–2);
Us: The diffuse sky irradiance output of the shaded reference pyranometer (µV)
• (3) By comparison with a standard pyranometer using the sun as a source,
under other natural conditions of exposure (for example, a uniform cloudy
sky and direct solar irradiance not statistically different from zero);
U 0 k0  U / k
U
k  k0
U0

k0: The sensitivity of the reference pyranometer (µV/W m–2);
U0: The global irradiance output of the reference pyranometer (µV)
• (4) In the laboratory, on an optical bench with an artificial source, either
normal incidence or at some specified azimuth and elevation, by comparison
with a similar pyranometer previously calibrated outdoors;
U 0 k0  U / k
U
k  k0
U0

k0: The sensitivity of the reference pyranometer (µV/W m–2);
U0: The global irradiance output of the reference pyranometer (µV)
Comparison
switzerland Japan
Yunnan
Calibration
Shangdianzi Gucheng
Beijing 中国气象局气象探测中心
UV and PAR Calibration
PMO6 absolute pyrheliometer in comparison
Pyranometer in comparison
Performance test
Specifications of radiometric instruments
Pyrheliometer： Pyranometer Net radiometer
sensitivity sensitivity sensitivity(day，night)
impedance impedance impedance
response time( 99%) response time( 99%) response time( 99%)
stability stability stability
opening angle cosine response cosine response
oblique angle directional response directional response
temperature characteristics temperature characteristics temperature characteristics
non-linearity non-linearity non-linearity
Performance test of pyranometer
• Non-linearity
• Directional response
• Temperature characteristics
• Tilt characteristics
• Response time
A laboratory test facility for solar radiation instruments
Structure of lab test facility
1-Case，2-Illuminant，3-Mirror，4-Integrator barrel，5-Lens，6-
Projection mirror，7-Instrument mount，8-Balancer，9-Rotating arm，10-
Speed reducer box，11-Cluth，12-Frame
Specifications of JJFⅡ-200 Multi-functional
meteorological radiation metrology system
① Effective range：Φ200mm
② Working distance: 1000mm
③ Irradiance：100～1350 W/㎡ (Adjustable)
④ Non-uniformity ：Φ60mm：±1%
Φ60-Φ170mm：±2%
⑤ Stability:±1%/h
⑥ Angle of collimation ：≤±1.5°º
⑦ Spectral range:0.3～3.0µm (AM=1.5)
⑧ Rotation error：±0.1°，(0～360°)
Standardization and regulations
 Technical regulations have been issued
1）National and meteorological standards
1. National standard: GB/T19565 - 2004 Pyranometer
2. Meteorological standards:
a. QX/T20 - 2003 Pyrheliometer
b. QX /T19 - 2003 Net pyrradiometer
c. QX/T 55-2007 Surface Meteorological Observation Specification,
Chapter 11 Measurement of radiation
d. QX/T 55-2007 Surface Meteorological Observation Specification
Chapter 19 Processing and reporting of Month meteorological
radiation records
e. QX/T 117-2010 Quality control of surface meteorological
observation data
2） National verification regulations
JJG 456-1992 Pyrheliometer
JJG 458-1996 Pyranometer
JJG 925-2005 Net pyrradiometer
 Observation method and specifications
• Meteorological radiation observation method,
Meteorological Press, 1996
• Surface Meteorological Observation Specification,
Meteorological Press, 2003
 National standards being setting

• Meteorological solar simulator, ultraviolet
radiometer and solar energy resource observation
method, etc. are under preparation.
Ending

Solar Radiation Calculation11

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METEOROLOGICAL RADIATION

INSTRUMENT AND CALIBRATION

Earth’s energy budget

Shading by cloud: Eg↓＝ Ed↓

• Er↑: Short-wave radiation reflected by the ground

TBQ-2B,Huayun FS-S6,Wuxi CMP11,CMP21,

High accuracy solar radiation observation system

upward &downward long-wave

replace Four component:2 pyranometer, 2pyrgeometer

UVA&UVB, photosynthetically active radiation

CAWS600-SE data acquisition unit

Shielded wire clamp

• The WRR is accepted as representing the physical

• To meet the long-term stability criteria, the instruments

• To calibrate radiometric instruments, the reading of a

World or Asia Radiation Center

Every two years

Fig. 6 Schematic view of the spectral irradiance calibration chain

DTMc300 Multiple-Grating Double Monochromator

DTMc300 wavelength calibration using mercury lamp 中国气象局气象探测中心

• High quality of calibration: very clear and stable

k （U un  U s）S  sinh

k: The sensitivity of the pyranometer to be calibrated (µV/W m–2);

k: The sensitivity of the pyranometer to be calibrated (µV/W m–2);

k: The sensitivity of the pyranometer to be calibrated (µV/W m–2);

k: The sensitivity of the pyranometer to be calibrated (µV/W m–2);

 National standards being setting

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