Design of Concrete University of

Structure II ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ Palestine

Lecture # 3

Instructor:
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Columns

According to ACI Code a structural element with a ratio of

height-to least lateral dimension exceeding three used
primarily to support compressive loads is defined as column.

P
h
b
h l

Instructor:
Page 1
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Columns

Columns are vertical compression members of a structural frame

intended to support the load-carrying beams. They transmit loads
from the upper floors to the lower levels and then to the soil through
the foundations.

Loads
Column

Column

Beam
Sec A Sec A

Sec A-A
Main beam

Instructor:
Page 2
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Columns

Usually columns carry bending moment as well, about one or both

axes of the cross section, and the bending action may produce tensile
forces over a part of the cross section

The main reinforcement in columns is

longitudinal, parallel to the direction of
the load and consists of bars arranged
in a square, rectangular, or circular
Instructor:
Page 3
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Types of Columns

1- Form and arrangement of reinforcement

Columns are divided into three types

1- Tied Columns

It is a column in which the longitudinal reinforcement bars are tied together

with separate smaller diameter transverse bars (ties) spaced at some

interval along the column height. (Figure a)

2- Spirally-Reinforced Columns

It is a column in which the longitudinal bars are arranged in a circle

surrounded by a closely spaced continuous spiral. (Figure b)

3- Composite Columns

It is a column made of structural steel shapes or pipes surrounded by or filled

by concrete with or without longitudinal reinforcement. (Figure c)

Instructor:
Page 4
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Types of Columns

Instructor:
Page 5
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Types of Columns

2- Length of the column in relation to its lateral dimensions.

Columns may be divided into two categories

1- Short Columns, for which the strength is governed by the

strength of the materials and the geometry of the cross section
2- Slender columns, for which the strength may be significantly
reduced by lateral deflections.

3- Position of the load on the cross-section

Columns can be classified as

1-Concentrically loaded columns, are subjected to axial force only

2-Eccentrically loaded columns, are subjected to moment in addition
to the axial force.

Instructor:
Page 6
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Columns

Behavior of Tied and Spirally-Reinforced Columns

Failure of a tied column Failure of a spiral column

Deformation

Instructor:
Page 7
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Columns

Factored Loads and Strength Reduction Factors

Factored Loads

For gravity loads only,

Pu = 1.2 PD+1.6 PL
For dead, live and wind loads,
Pu = 1.2 PD+1.0 PL+1.6 PW
For dead and wind loads,
Pu = 0.9 PD + 1.6 PW or Pu = 1.2 PD + 0.8 PW
For dead, live and earthquake loads,
Pu = 1.2 PD+1.0 PL+1.0 PE
For dead and earthquake loads,
Pu = 0.9 PD + 1.0 PE

Instructor:
Page 8
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Columns

Strength Reduction Factors

ACI Code specifies Φ values or strength reduction factors for most

situations as in the following table
Strength condition Φ
Tension-controlled sections (εt ≥ 0.005) 0.90
Compression-controlled sections (εt ≤ 0.002)
Members with spiral reinforcement 0.70
Other reinforced members 0.65

Instructor:
Page 9
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Sway and Nonsway Frames

1- Nonsway Frames (braced)

It is a structural frames whose joints are restrained against lateral
displacement by attachment to rigid elements or bracing
Columns Shear wall Columns Brace X

Beams
Beams

P
According to ACI Code M
a column in a structure is nonsway if
∆
lc
Secondary moment Pu 
  0.05
Primary moment vu lc M
P
Instructor:
Page 10
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Sway and Nonsway Frames

1- Nonsway Frames (braced)

Moreover, ACI Code assumes a story within a structure is nonsway if:

Q
 P 
 0.05
u

Vu lc

Where,
Q is the stability index which is the ratio of secondary moment due
to lateral displacement and primary moment,
ΣPu is the total vertical load in the story,
Vu is the story shear in the story under consideration,
Lc is length of column measured center-to center of the joints in the
frame, and
Δ is the first-order relative deflection between the top and bottom
of that story.

Instructor:
Page 11
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Sway and Nonsway Frames

2- Sway Frames (Unbraced)

Structural frames, not attached to an effective bracing element, but
depend on the bending stiffness of the columns and girders to provide
resistance to lateral displacement are called “sway frames”

Instructor:
Page 12
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Slenderness effect

The slenderness of columns is based on their geometry and on their

lateral bracing. As their slenderness increases, their bending stresses
increase, and thus buckling may occur.
Several items involved in the calculation of slenderness ratios, these
item unsupported column lengths, effective length factors and radii of
gyration.

Unsupported lengths (lu)

It is clear distance between floor slabs, beams, or other members

capable of providing lateral support as shown in figure.

Instructor:
Page 13
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Slenderness effect
Effective length factors K

The effective length is the distance between points of zero moment in

the column Thus, the effective length factor k, is the ratio of the
effective length to the original length of column.
Typical cases illustrating the buckled shape of the column for several
end conditions and the corresponding length factor K

Points of
inflection

Instructor:
Page 14
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Slenderness effect
Effective length factors K

For members in a structural frame, the end restraint lies between the
hinged and fixed conditions. The actual k value can be estimated from
the Jackson and Moreland alignment charts

The effective length factor k is a function of the relative stiffness at

each end of the column. In these charts, k is determined as the

intersection of a line joining the values of ψ at the two ends of the

column. The relative stiffness of the beams and columns at each end

of the column ψ is given by the following equation


 E c I c / lc
E b I b / lb

Instructor:
Page 15
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Braced frame

Instructor:
Page 16
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Unbraced frame

Instructor:
Page 17
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Slenderness effect
Effective length factors K


 E c I c / lc
where, E b I b / lb
lc = length of column center-to-center of the joints
lb = length of beam center-to-center of the joints
Ec = modulus of elasticity of column concrete
Eb = modulus of elasticity of beam concrete
Ic =moment of inertia of column cross section about an axis
perpendicular to the plane of buckling being considered.
Ib =moment of inertia of beam cross section about an axis
perpendicular to the plane of buckling being considered.
Σ indicates a summation of all member stiffness connected to the joint
and lying in the plane in which buckling of the column is being
considered

Instructor:
Page 18
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Slenderness effect
Effective length factors K

Consider the two-story frame shown in Figure. To determine the

effective length factor k for column EF

C F I
Ec ( I DE / h1 )  Ec ( I EF / h2 )
E 
Eb ( I BE / l1 )  Eb ( I EH / l2 ) h2

and B E H

Ec ( I EF / h2 ) h1
F  A D G
Eb ( I CF / l1 )  Eb ( I FI / l2 )
L1 L2

For ψ = ------ and for ψ = ------

ACI Code specifies that for columns in nonsway frames, the effective
length factor k should be taken as 1.0

Instructor:
Page 19
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Slenderness effect
Effective length factors K

To calculate the ψ values it is necessary to use realistic moments of

inertia. Usually, the girder will be appreciably cracked on their tensile
sides, whereas the columns will probably have only a few cracks.

In the ACI code, it is stated that for determining ψ values for use in
evaluating K factors, the rigidity for beams = 0.35 Ig and for
columns= 0.7 Ig as follows
Where, Ig is the gross moment of inertia

Instructor:
Page 20
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Slenderness effect
Effective length factors K

ACI Code provides the following simplified equations for computing

the effective length factors for nonsway and sway frame members

For Nonsway frames,

k  0.7  0.05  A   B   1.0

K is the smaller of
k  0.85  0.05  min  1.0

Where, ψA and ψB are the values of ψ at the two ends of the column,
ψmin is the smaller of the two values.

Instructor:
Page 21
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Slenderness effect
Effective length factors K

For Sway frames,

a) Restrained at both end

For ψm > 2.0 ,

20   m
k 1  m
20
For ψm ≥ 2.0 , k  0.9 1   m
Where, ψm is the average of ψ at the two ends of the column

b) Hinged at one end

k  2.0  0.3 
Where, ψ is the values at the restrained end of the column

Instructor:
Page 22
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine

The ACI Procedure for Classifying Short and Slender Columns

According to ACI Code, columns can be classified as short when their

effective slenderness ratios satisfy the following criteria:

For Nonsway frames

k lu M
 34  12 1  40
r M2
For sway frames

k lu
 22
Where, r
k = effective length factor
lu = unsupported length of member
r = radius of gyration, for rectangular cross sections r = 0.30 h, and
for circular sections, r = 0.25 h
h = column dimension in the direction of bending.

Instructor:
Page 23
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine

The ACI Procedure for Classifying Short and Slender Columns

M1 = smaller factored end moment on column, positive if member is

bent single curvature, negative if bent in double curvature.
M2 = larger factored end moment on column, always positive.
[M1/M2] = ratio of moments at two column ends [Range -1 to 1]

M1 M1
0 0
M2 M2

Single curvature Double curvature

Instructor:
Page 24
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine

Chart summarizes the process of column design as per the ACI Code

Column Design

Non-sway frame Non-sway frame

Neglect
k lu k lu M
 22 Slenderness  34  12 1  40
r [ Short ] r M2

Moment
k lu magnification k lu M
22   100 100   34  12 1 .
r [ long ] r M2

Exact P ∆
k lu k lu
 100 analysis  100
r [ long ] r

Instructor:
Page 25
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ Palestine

Example # 1

Instructor:
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ Palestine

Example # 1
The frame shown in Figure consists of members with rectangular cross
sections, made of the same strength concrete. Considering buckling in
the plane of the figure.
Categorize column bc as long or short if the frame is:
a)Nonsway 270 0.6x0.3 0.6x0.3
b)Sway kN.m

0.3x0.35
4.0 m

0.6x0.3 0.6x0.3

400
kN.m

0.3x0.35
4.5 m

9.0 m 7.5 m

Instructor:
Page Ex1-1
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ Palestine

Solution
a- Nonsway
For a column to be short,
k lu M1
 34  12  40
r M2
Lu = 4-0.3-0.3=3.40 m
k is conservatively taken as 1.0
k lu 1(3.4)
  32.38
r 0.3(0.35)
M1   27 
34  12  34  12   42.1 taken as 40  32.38
M2  40 
i.e., column is classified as being short

Instructor:
Page Ex1-2
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬ Palestine

Solution
b- Sway
For a column to be short, k lu
 22
 (0.3)(0.35)3  r
0.7 
 12 (4) 
C   0.406
 (0.3)(0.6) 
3
 (0.3)(0.6) 
3
0.7    0.7  12 (7.5) 
 12 (9)   
 (0.3)(0.35)312   (0.3)(0.4)3 
0.7    0.7  12 (4.5) 
b   12 ( 4 )     0.945
 (0.3)(0.6)3   (0.3)(0.6)3 
0.7    0.7  12 (7.5) 
 12 ( 9)   
Using the appropriate alignment chart, k = 1.21, and
k lu 1.21(3.4)
  39.18  22
r 0.3 (0.35)
i.e., column is classified as being slender

Instructor:
Page Ex1-3
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine

Short axially loaded columns

For tied reinforced columns

Pu  0.52 Ag [0.85 fc'  g ( fy  0.85 fc' )]

For spirally reinforced columns

Pu  0.595 Ag [0.85 fc'  g ( fy  0.85 fc' )]

Instructor:
Page 26
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa
Design of Concrete University of
Structure II Palestine
Design Considerations

Maximum and Minimum Reinforcement Ratios

Instructor:
Page 27
Eng. Mazen Alshorafa