REFERENCES/

CITATIONS/
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PLANS FOR
DISSEMINATION
and
UTILIZATION
REFERENCE/REFERENCING:
 The act of referring to something or someone;
 The act of acknowledging the source in academic
writing/research.
 The act of mentioning something in speech or in
writing;
 It is a system that allows to acknowledge the
contributions and works of others.

Where do we usually find reference page?

 Usually comes at the end of a text(essay or
research report) and should contain only those
works cited within the text.
Referencing
: A standardized method of formatting the
information sources used in a written work.
What is the importance in including
Referencing/Reference on research work?
 Give the original author credit for their
own ideas and work
 Validate arguments
 Enable the reader to see how dated the
information might be
 Proof that the writer read about the
subject
 Avoid
PLAGIARISM:
is a specific form of academic misconduct
whether inadvertent or deliberate.
It encompasses the following:
 Direct copying of the work or data of other
persons, from one or more sources, without
clearly indicating the origin.
 Includes both paper-based and electronic
sources of material from websites, books,
articles, unpublished work such as theses,
working papers, seminar and conference
papers, internal reports, lecture notes or
tapes, and visual materials such as
photographs, drawings and designs;
 Using very close paraphrasing of sentences or
whole causes without due acknowledgement
in the form of reference to the original work;
 Submitting another student’s work in whole
or in part;
 Use of another person’s ideas, work or
research data without acknowledgement;
 Submitting work that has been written by
someone else on the student’s behalf;
 Copying computer files, algorithms or
computer code without clearly indicating
their origin;
 Submitting work that has been derived, in
whole or in part, from another student’s
work by a process of mechanical information
(for example, changing variable names in
computer program); or
 Appropriating or imitating another’s ideas
and manner of expressing them where such
assistance is not expressly permitted.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 List of books, magazines, articles, etc.,
about a particular subject;
 List of works written by an author or
printed by a publishing house;
 List of references at the end of a text,
whether cited or not. It includes texts
made use of, or any additional
background reading and other articles
which might need as background
reading.
CITATION:
: is the way to tell the readers that
certain material in the research work came
from other source. It gives the readers the
information necessary to find the source
including information about the author, the
title of the work.
REFERENCE PAGE
 The word “REFERENCE” is typed in the center of
the resource page;
 References are ALWAYS listed alphabetically by
last name;
 After the first line, indent all following lines. This
is called hanging indention;
 A reference can NOT be in the body of the paper
if it is not documented on the reference page.
 Remember a source can NOT be listed in the
reference page if the source is not documented
in the body of the research paper. These sources
are the support and proof of the research being
done by students.
 How to do a Reference Page
for a Research Paper

Part 1: During the Research

and Writing Process
 1. Take note of every source
use during the research
process.
• When reading and writing
notes, take down all relevant
information about the source.
For books, include the author,
the title of the book, the
editors (if it has named
editors), the name of the
essay plus the page numbers
of the essays, the publishing
company, the place of
publication, the date of
publication, and where you
found the book (more for
your own purposes).

o If using a journal article, the author's name, the name of the article, the
name of the journal, the volume and issue number, the date of
publication, the page numbers of the article, and likely the DOI (digital
object identifier—a number like an ISBN for books) and/or the database or
website where the article is found is needed.
 2. Keep and organize the
notes of your sources. When
taking notes, make sure to
mark down which source the
information came from. Try
to keep all the reference page
materials in the same place as
this will save significant time
when writing the reference
page.

 One helpful way of keeping track of sources is to write

source cards. These are small note cards that contain all of
the relevant information on a particular source.
 Source cards are a neat and convenient way of organizing
sources. Source cards can be store in a small box or folder
in alphabetical order.
 3. Track the sources which is
actually use. Only include the
resources actually cited or
paraphrased on the reference
page. It is important to make a
note of which references
actually cited within the paper
and which references is merely
use for background reading.
• In some instances, there is also a need to reference
sources that were beneficial to the argument, but did
not end up citing in the paper. These sources should
not be listed on the reference page itself but on a
separate page, and mark as “ Work Consulted” page.
• It is more common to use only a “Works Cited”
page. “Works Consulted” page can only be
included if the teacher of professor requests it.

Part 2: Writing the Reference

Page
1. Place your
reference page at
the end of the
paper. The
reference page
comes at the end
of your paper,
usually before any
appendices or
glossaries. Place
the reference on a
new page directly
after the end of
your paper.
 2. Format each reference
according to the
appropriate style guide.
Begin inputting your resources
according to the standard
required by the school.
• You may be required to use
American Psychological
Association (APA) Style ,
The modern Language Association’s guidelines
(MLA), Chicago Style, or American Sociological
Association style (ASA). Each will be created
slightly different references, though it will use
the same basic information.
3. Alphabetize reference
page by the authors’ last
name.
• Organize it according
to the authors’ last
name. If the source
doesn’t have an
author, use the first
part of the title to
alphabetize it. When
there are multiple
works by the same
author, use the title to
decide which
reference comes first
in an alphabetized list.
4. Make sure to
include every resource
used in your paper. A
reference page is a
compilation of all cited
sources. Forgetting to
provide a reference for
a source cited in your
paper could leave you
open to charges of
plagiarism, even if it
was accidental.
PART 3: FORMATTING THE
REFERENCE PAGE
1. Use the correct spacing
and indention: After
writing the reference
page, you will need to
revise it to ensure the
formatting is correct. Two
basic formatting
considerations are as
follows:
 Double-space reference page by setting the line
spacing of your computer.
 Use hanging indention. Hanging indention is when
the first line of each reference is all the way over to
left, while any subsequent lines are indented.
2. Learn how to reference
books according to the
appropriate style guide.
Different Style guide:
• MLA –Modern language
Association
• APA – American Psychological
Association
• Chicago
• ASA – American Sociological
Association Style
3. Learn how to reference journal
articles according to the appropriate
style guide.
4. Use other resources to learn how to format more
complicated sources.
HOW TO GATHER REFERENCE
MATERIALS/SOURCES
1. Gather your information about each source.
• Find out what kind of information needed from each
type of source.
• If using a strict format that requires the copyright year of
each book being referred to. It can be a pain to go
through all of your research without knowing this, then
have to go back, find all the books at the library, and
determine the copyright date.
• It's better to record more information than less.
2. Books. Collect the full names of:
• Authors
• Title of the book
• City of publication.
• If the book is published by an
organization and the individual
authors aren’t listed, write down
the full name of the organization.
• For electronic books, record the
URL and date of access.
• Encyclopaedias and dictionaries,
get the full name of author who
wrote the entry, entry title,
number of volume in the set and
the edition, page numbers, unless
the content is organized
alphabetically.
 Anthologies and collections - Get the author’s name and the title of
individual work (poem, play, short story, etc.), the full names of any editors
and compilers, and the page number(s). If the work was previously
published in another book, record the information for the original source
as described above.
3.Journal articles.
• Cite the Journal title; article
title; author name(s), title of
the article, title of the
magazine, volume number
(if available), date of
publication and page
numbers.
• For online magazines, get
the date of access and URL.
If it was access through a
database, find the
vendor/supplier of the
database, cite the database
name, accession number of
article (if available) and date
of access.
4. Magazine articles.
• Cite the author(s) names,
title of the article, title of the
magazine, volume number (if
applicable), date of
publication, and page
numbers.
• For online magazines, get
the date of access and URL. If
you access the magazine
through a database, find the
vendor/supplier of database,
database name, accession
number of article (if
applicable), and the date of
access.
5. Newspaper articles.
• Cite the name of the author of
the article, title of the article,
name of the newspaper, date
of publication, and the
section, page and column
location of the article.
• If the newspaper is online, get
the URL and date of access.
• If you found the newspaper
article in a database, write
down the URL, date of access,
database, and library through
which article was accessed
(name, city, and state).
6. Websites.
• Get the author's name (if
given), title of work, group
responsible for the site (if
applicable), date site was last
updated, date of access, and
URL.
• If you have trouble finding
everything except the last two
items, you might want to
reconsider the validity of this
source.
• For postings, also get the title
of posting, post number (if
numbered), date of posting,
URL the post was made to, and
URL of message archives.
7. Government
documents.
• If published by the US
government, get the
issuing agency, title of
the document, number
of the Congress,
session, number of
Congress, place of
publication, date of
publication, document
number (if given), and
SuDoc number.
8. Letters and
interviews.
• Cite/collect the
names of the author
and recipient (or
interviewer and
interviewee), date
written/conducted,
name of collection,
name of depository,
and the depository's
location.
 Placing Your References In-Text
1. Place a
reference next
to each
statement that
you've cited.
 Keep track of
which source
each cited
statement
came from.
This depends
on which
format you're
using.
2. Place an MLA reference.
• Write author (last name) and
page number in parentheses.
• If the author is already
mentioned in the statement,
just put the page number in
parentheses.
• If there are two authors, name
them both with "and" in the
middle.
• Use commas if there are more
than two authors. Place the
citation before a punctuation
mark .e.g. Leaving the ground
in sod increases the organic
matter of the soil by 15% in 10
years (Alison 45).
3. Use Turabian
footnotes.
• Add a superscript number at
the end of the statement to
denote which source it is
referring to.
• Even if you refer to the same
source multiple times, it gets a
new superscript number every
time.
• Start the superscript numbers
from 1 every time you start a
new page.
.e.g. Leaving the ground in sod
increases the organic matter of
the soil by 15% in 10 years.1
4. Place an APA reference.
• Write the author (last name or
organization name) and year in
parentheses.
• Use commas. Add "p." and a space
before the page number if the
statement is a direct quote.
• If the author is already mentioned in
the statement, put the year in
parentheses next to the name (and put
the page number in parentheses at the
end of the statement, if applicable).
• Place the citation before a punctuation
mark. If there are two or three authors
in parentheses, use "&" instead of "and“
e.g. Leaving the ground in sod increases
the organic matter of the soil by 15%
in 10 years (Alison, 1987).
E.g. Allison (1987) asserted that
"leaving the ground in sod increases
the organic matter of the soil by 15%
in 10 years" (p. 45).
5. Use the CSE Citation-Sequence.
• Add a superscript number at the
end of the statement to denote
which source it is referring to. Unlike
with the Turabian footnotes, there's
only one superscript number for
each source. It's possible to have
superscript numbers on one page
that are out of order if a source was
cited on a previous page.
• Cite multiple sources at once by
specifying a range, or using a comma.
The citation can go in the sentence
or at the end, after punctuation
Examples: Leaving the ground in sod
increases the organic matter of the soil
by 15% in 10 years.3 As discussed earlier
in this paper, the root system of the sod
aerates the soil.1 Multiple studies
suggest that this is a phenomenon
observed in every soil type.8-12
6. Use CSE Name-Year.
• Write the author last name
and publication year in
parentheses. If the author is
already mentioned in the
statement, just put the year in
parentheses. If there are two
authors, name them both with
"and" in the middle.
• Use commas only if there are
more than two authors.
• Place the citation before a
punctuation mark.
Ex: Leaving the ground in sod
increases the organic matter of
the soil by 15% in 10 years
(Alison 1987).
7. Cite in
Chicago Manual
of Style.
Chicago style
usually lists author
and then date. This
style is
recommended for
natural and social
sciences, as well as
the other
humanities. Similar
to MLA as
8. Use Legal/Blue Book format for
citations in legal documents.
• Depending on the type of work, may
use in-line citations or
footnotes/endnotes.
• The general format follows the form of
case name or author and article name,
followed by a comma, then [Volume
Number] Authority Name [Page
number of start of case/article or
section number of statute], followed by
the date in parenthesis.
For example, Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137
(1803) (a case named Marbury v. Madison,
found in the fifth volume of the reports of the
U.S. Supreme Court, starting at page 137), 12
U.S.C. §3401 et seq. (a statute beginning at
section 3401 of the 12th volume of the United
States Code) and Warren and Brandeis, The
Right to Privacy, 4 Harvard L.R. 193 (1890) (a
journal article from the fourth volume of the
Harvard Law Review).
 Writing Your Bibliography
1. Assemble the list of
works cited or
references.
This is what the reader will
refer to when they see a
citation and want to find out
where you got the information.
It usually goes at the end of the
work (except when you use
Turabian footnotes) and is
sometimes referred to as a
bibliography (when it includes
sources that were not directly
cited). The following links
contain guidelines and examples
for commonly used styles: PA
Turabian
MLA
Chicago Manual of Style
2. Don't forget
to put your
sources in
order!
For most
formats, you will
need to put your
sources in
alphabetical
order.[1] Don't
forget!
3. Make sure to
include all of your
sources in your
bibliography.
You do not want to be
accused of plagiarism,
especially if you are in
college as this can get
you kicked out.
How to Cite a Source in APA
Format
• Typed “REFERENCE” in the
center of the resource page.
1. Use indents correctly.
Steps to create "references"
page at the end of the
research. Give a list of
citations:
• First line is flush to the
margin, and additional lines
are indented.
• There should be no line
spaces between items on a
references list. The ability to
tell citations apart will come
from the first line being
aligned with the left margin.
• Do not number the
citations, use only the
indents to tell them apart.
2. Alphabetize the
list.
• The entire
"references" page
should be listed in
order alphabetically
by the last name of
the authors.
• The authors listed in
individual citations
need not be put in
alphabetical order, but
should be listed in the
order they are named
on their work(s).
3.Use proper
capitalization.
• Throughout all the
citations, make sure
that the names of all
authors, titles of
books and other
works, and all directly
cited and previously
capitalized words are
left in the upper-case.
4. Correctly cite authors.
• In APA format, all authors
names are cited with the
last name, then first name.
• For a single author, both the
last and first name is listed.
• For multiple authors, cite
only the last name and their
first initial.
• A citation with more than
three (3) authors must have
all the names listed in the
reference citation, but can
be simply listed as (author 1,
et al.) in the citations.
5. Correctly cite titles.
• For large works such as
complete books, journals,
or magazines, italicize the
title of the piece.
• Also choose to underline
the name of the work as
well.
• If referencing only part of
a journal entry or chapter
of a book, it does not
need to be italicized.
• Always make sure that the
major words of the title
are capitalized as well.[1]
CREATING CITATIONS
1. Cite a book.
To correctly create a citation
for a book:
• list the name of the author
(last name first), the
publication date, the title of
the work, the place of
publication, and the
publishing company.
• If those pieces of
information is not available,
simply exclude them from
your citation.
For example: Jones, Anna
(2001). Beginning Psychology.
New York and London. New
[2]
2. Cite a journal article.
• Gather the following
information and prepare
it in this order:
author(s) name, date of
publication, article title,
name of journal or
periodical, volume
number, and the page
numbers you are
referencing.
For example: Gill, Smith, Percy
(June 8, 1992). Growing
Concerns in Adolescent Drug
Abuse. Psychology Quarterly,
21, 153-157.[3]
3. Cite a website.
Websites can be difficult
because often they lack all the
necessary information for an
accurate citation, such as the
author or publication date.
• To cite a website, give the
author, date of publication,
title, and the URL to the
page. For example: Alexander,
2012. Tips for Healthy
Relationships.
http://www.psychologywebsi
tehere.com/tipsforhealthyrel
ationships.[4]
4. Use in-text citations.
In-text citations are required by APA format
and are used to cite a source within writing.
They must be given at the end of the
sentence which uses information from the
cited source, and before the period at the
sentence.
• Place in-text citations in parentheses, and
include the author name and the date of
publication. If either of these is not
available, use the title of the work you are
citing. If you don’t reference the author in
your sentence, end the sentence with
(Jones, 2001).
• If you want to include the name of the
author in the sentence, cite the date in
parentheses directly after their name
rather than at the end of the sentence. For
example: “Jones (2001) also had an
interesting theory when she stated...”[5]
HOW TO DO FOOTNOTES
Using Footnotes as Citations
Footnotes are useful, as providing helpful
supplementary information and citations at the bottom
of a page of text. Typically, editors will suggest that
parenthetical information be put into footnotes as a
way of keeping the flow of the prose intact. Used
judiciously, the footnote can be a helpful addition to a
text or a quick way to cite a quotation.
1. Write your bibliography/works cited before placing your
footnotes. A footnote is commonly, but not always, a shortened
version of a citation at the end of the book. Whatever content
your footnote will include, however, it's probably the last thing
to do in the writing of a text. Write your complete paper,
including a list of references, before insert footnotes.
2. Go to the end of the sentence you want to footnote. In Microsoft Word,
you would go to the References tab, click on the Footnotes group and select "Insert
Footnote." A number "1" should appear to the right of the sentence, and a number
"1" will appear in the footer of your first page. In the footer, type the information
you'd like to include foot-noted. The cursor should be placed after any punctuation.
The number linking to the footnote should appear outside the sentence, not inside of
it.
If you do not know where to find the menu to insert footnotes in your word
processing program, go to the help menu and research it before starting to footnote
your paper.
3. Cite your quotation or reference.
In the event that you're using footnotes in place of parenthetical
in-text citations, the footnote should include the name of the
author or editor, title (in italics), compiler, translator or editor,
edition, name of series (including number or volume), place of
publication, publisher and date of publication and page numbers
of citation. For example: Reginald Daily, Timeless wikiHow
Examples: Through the Ages (Minneapolis: St. Olaf Press, 2010),
115.
4. Cite an online resource.
You need the following information in this order to
footnote a website: author or editor of the website,
title of the website (in italics), URL and date of access.
For example: Reginald Daily, Timeless wikiHow
Examples, http://www.timelesswikihowexamples.html
(accessed July 22, 2011).
5. Continue footnoting your article or essay with additional
notes.
Go to each location in which you've referenced another source and
repeat this process. Use an abbreviated version of the source in
subsequent footnotes that have the same source. You will need the author
or editor's last name, an abbreviated title (in italics) and the number or
numbers that are cited. Regardless of what style you're using, the use of
footnotes does not replace the need for an ending list of references in the
article, even though they are made superfluous. Include a "Works Cited"
page in MLA format and a Bibliography for an APA style paper.
Using Footnotes to Clarify Information
1. Add footnotes that clarify sources to the reader.
Instead of including publishing information about the source in the
footnote, often writers will footnote additional "asides" or tangentially
related information in footnotes, often gleaned from other resources not
directly cited. David Foster Wallace, in his long novel Infinite Jest made use
of pages-long footnotes as a kind of in-joke. In academic writing, this
should be used sparingly, but is common in memoir or other non-fiction
styles of prose. Science writing conventions will often footnote additional
research studies that came to similar conclusions, but aren't being directly
cited in the study at hand.
2. Be brief.
If a paper quoted a source that talked about wikiHow
articles and you wanted to clarify it, your footnote
after the number might look like this: "WikiHow
examples are used to clarify text in situations where it
would be helpful to have a visual cue. Reginald Daily,
Timeless wikiHow Examples: Through the Ages
(Minneapolis: St. Olaf Press, 2010), 115."
3. Use these types of footnotes sparingly.
Long explanatory footnotes are distracting to the reader. If you
find yourself with lots of extra information you need to put into
footnotes, consider finding a place for it in the text, or
otherwise revising the article or essay to account for it. Editors
will often recommend that any information included in
parentheses in a piece of academic writing be footnoted instead.
Consider the progression of the prose, the "flow" of the writing,
and see if asides might be better off at the bottom of the page.
4. Double-check that a footnote is appropriate.
Before using footnotes to reference sources, check with your editor or
instructor to make sure you should cite the sources using a footnote.
Typically, MLA or APA guidelines prefer you use a parenthetical in-text
citation of a source, rather than a footnote, and reserve footnotes for
supplementary information or alternative references to the same
information. Footnotes are to be used only when necessary. In Chicago
style, footnotes are used in place of parenthetical citations and are
more common.
 Tips
 If making a presentation and have slides to
show the audience, it's appropriate to cite
sources on the slides (any format is usually
acceptable) as well as to mention the source
when speaking (e.g. "Rudford found that
when Japanese beetles emerge from their
winter location...").
 Have a list of sources ready in case anyone
asks for them after the presentation.
Organize notes by source. This will make it
easier later on, to prevent scratching your
head and wondering "Where did I get this
conclusion from...?" As you write down or
type any ideas or observations from a source,
be sure to paraphrase.
Don't just switch around a word or two,
substituting a noun here and a verb there
with a synonym. Putting what you've read in
your own words is not only a good habit to
prevent unintentional plagiarism, but it's also a
useful learning technique.
 With the Internet becoming more popular,
questionable web sites are becoming more
common.
 Using citations can help establish your site as a
credible source, as long as the references you make
are to established experts and peer-reviewed
studies. Widely known facts don't need to be cited,
but ideas, observations, conclusions, unique
expression, and even questions and opinions do.
Generally, if the statement is even marginally
questionable or subjective, a citation should be
provided. When in doubt, cite. Evaluate the
credibility of the source. Don't drag down the
credibility of your publication by cavalierly citing
unreliable sources.
 Warnings
 Don't cite someone else's citation. If you read a statement in
a book or any other source that is cited from yet another
source, find that original source, verify that the statement is
accurate, and cite it directly. If you can't find the original
source, some guidelines allow for making note of it in the
format, such as "Johnson, LR as cited in Peterson, GS"
 All the citing in the world, even if in impeccable format,
won't improve the credibility of your work if your sources
themselves are weak. Copyright law in most countries
protects unique expression in any form.
 When it comes to writing it is especially important to
paraphrase. if the idea itself is unique. Though, you can avoid
copyright infringement by expressing the idea in your own
unique way, but you may still be guilty of plagiarizing if you
don't acknowledge the source that you got the idea from.
PLANS FOR
DISSEMINATION
and
UTILIZATION
Dissemination
• Includes a range of activities
designed to transfer knowledge to a
target audience.
“One of the greatest discoveries a
man makes, one of his great
surprises, is to find he can do
what he was afraid he couldn’t
do.”
Henry Ford