Selection circuit :

Current Sources
Elektronika 1 Pak Surya
Afif Junihar fakri
M. Risky Altaresh

Elektronika 1

2
 Outline
Selection circuit : Current Sources

Floating Load Output Current Directly

Proportional to Input Voltage

Grounded Load Howland Current

Circuits

03
Floating Load
Elektronika 1

04
 Floating Load
Undirectional VCIS with Floating Load
Grounded Load
Elektronika 1

06
 Grounded Load
Undirectional VCIS with Floating Load
Output Current Directly Proportional to Input Voltage
Elektronika 1

08
 Output Current Directly Proportional to Input Voltage
Selection Circuit : Current sources

In Fig. 18-29, the load current decreases when the input Figure 18-30 shows a circuit in which the load current is
voltage increases. directly proportional to the input voltage.
Because of the virtual short on the input terminals of the
So, the V in final R is :
first op amp, the emitter current in Q1 is vin/R. Since the
Q1 collector current is approximately the same as the 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − (𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐼𝑁 ሻ
emitter current, the voltage across the collector R is vin
and the voltage at node A is: Therefore, the output current is approximately:

𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐼𝑁 𝑉𝐼𝑁

𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑅
Non inverting input to second op amp
Because of virtual short between the input in second input
op amp, then
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴
Howland Current Sources
Elektronika 1

01
1
 Howland Current Sources
Whena bidirectional current is needed, the Howland
current may be used. When the load is shorted, the
noninverting input is grounded, the inverting input is at
virtual ground, and the output voltage is:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑉𝑖𝑛
On the lower side of the circuit, the output voltage will
appear across R in series
with the shorted load. The current through R is:

−𝑉𝐼𝑁
𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑅
When the load is shorted, all this current fl ows through the load. The minus sign
means that the load voltage is inverted.
When the load resistance is greater than zero, the analysis is much more complicated because the noninverting
input is no longer grounded and the inverting input is no longer a virtual ground. Instead, the noninverting input
voltage equals the voltage across the load resistor. After writing and solving several equations, Since RL does not
appear in the equation,
THANK YOU!