Insulation,

Earthing and High

Voltage Concept

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Insulation
 An insulating material used in bulk
to wrap electrical cables or other
equipment is called insulation. The
term insulator is also used more
specifically to refer to insulating
supports used to attach electric
power distribution or transmission
lines to utility poles and
transmission towers.
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Earthing
 In an electrical installation or an
electricity supply system an earthing
system or grounding system connects
specific parts of that installation with
the Earth's conductive surface for
safety and functional purposes. The
point of reference is the Earth's
conductive surface, or on ships, the
surface of the sea

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 WHY EARTHING IS REQUIRED
 Earthing is essential for any Electrical equipments
for protection of Electrical installations and Human
lives.
 When Supply voltage touches the metallic body of
equipments the line directly gets connected to earth
resulting in tripping of protection circuit/blowing of
protection fuses.
 When Phase and neutral gets shorted,the resistance
(R) becomes zero. Current I = V/R = V/0 =
Infinity.
 This Infinity current causes Fuse blowing and
disconnects the Line for safety of Equipment as well
as human lives.

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Earthing

All 3 phases AC circuit Neutral is grounded. Ground

potential is zero. That’s why when we touch ground
wire we do not get any Electrical shock.
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High Voltage
 Classification of Voltage as per IEC 60038:

 Low Voltage - up to 1000V

 Medium Voltage - 1000V to 35kV
 High Voltage - 35kV to 230 kV
 Extra High Voltage - above 230 kV.

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Transformer
 Alternating current in one circuit can
induce an alternating current in a second
circuit
 The transformer
 transfers power
between the circuits
 but it doesn’t
transfer any charges
between the circuits

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Transformer
 Power arriving in the primary circuit
must equal power leaving in the
secondary circuit.
 Since power is the product of voltage
and current,
a transformer obey energy conservation
 while exchanging voltage for current
 or current for voltage!

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Step Up Transformer
 A step-up transformer
 has relatively many turns in its secondary coil
 so charge is pushed a longer distance
 and experiences a larger voltage rise

 A smaller current
at larger voltage
flows in the
secondary circuit
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Step Down Transformer
 A step-down transformer
 has relatively few turns in its secondary coil
 so charge is pushed a shorter distance
 and experiences a smaller voltage rise

 A larger current
at smaller voltage
flows in the
secondary circuit
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Distribution Transformer
 A step-up transformer increases voltage for
efficient long-distance transmission
 A step-down transformer decreases voltage for
safe delivery to communities and homes

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High Voltage : Use
 High-voltage transmission lines are
used to transmit electric power
over long distances:

 To reduce transmission cost

 To reduce transmission loss

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High voltage: Use
If power transmitted is P, the resistance of the
transmission line is r and transmission voltage is
V, then the current flow through the
transmission line is I=P/V.
Hence higher the voltage, lower the current.
 As current is smaller in high voltage
transmission, the size of transmission conductor
will be lower. Hence the transmission cost will be
lower.
 The power loss Ploss=I2*r=(P/V)2*r
Since P and r are constant, less power will be
lost if higher voltage is used.

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Questions
 What is Insulation ?
 Why Earthing is used ?
 Why high voltage is used in Power
Transmission ?

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THANK YOU

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