Velocity Triangle for Turbo-machinery

BY
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi
 U
Vri
Vai
Vai
Vri Inlet Velocity Triangle

U
Vre
Vae Vre

Exit Velocity Triangle

 U
ae ai be bi
Vae Vai Vri
Vre

Vai: Inlet Absolute Velocity

Vri: Inlet Relative Velocity
Vre: Exit Relative Velocity
Vae:Exit Absolute Velocity

ai: Inlet Nozzle Angle.

bi: Inlet Blade Angle.
be: Exit Blade Angle.
ai: Exit Nozzle Angle.
Vf

Vrc
Vr

Va Vw

U
 Flow through Blades

Vre
U

U
Vae
Vni

Vri

U
Vai
Fluid Dynamics of Blades
 U
ae ai be bi
Vae Vai Vri
Vre

• The stream is delivered to the wheel at an angle ai and velocity Vai.

• The selection of angle ai is a compromise.
• An increase in ai, reduces the value of useful component (Absolute
circumferential Component).
• This is also called Inlet Whirl Velocity, Vwi = Vai cos(ai).
• An increase in ai, increases the value of axial component, also called as flow
component.
• This is responsible for definite mass flow rate between to successive blade.
• Flow component Vfi = Vai sin(ai) = Vri sin(bi).
• The absolute inlet velocity can be considered as a resultant of blade velocity
and inlet relative velocity.
• The two points of interest are those at the inlet and exit of the blade.
 U
ae ai be bi
Vae Vai Vri
Vre

• If the stream is to enter and leave the blades without shock or much
losses, then relative velocity should be tangential to the blade inlet tip.
• Vri should enter at an angle bi, the inlet blade angle.
• Similarly, Vre should leave at be, the exit blade angle.
• A blade is said to be symmetric if bi = be.
• The flow velocities between two successive blade at inlet and exit are
Vfi & Vfe.
• The axial (basic useful) components or whirl velocities at inlet and exit
are Vwi & Vwe.
Impulse Turbine
 U
ae ai be bi
Vae Vai Vri
Vre

Newton’s Second Law for an Impulse Blade:

The tangential force acting of the jet is:
F = mass flow rate X Change of velocity in the tangential direction

Tangential relative velocity at blade Inlet : Vri cos(bi).

Tangential relative velocity at blade exit : -Vre cos(be).

Change in velocity in tangential direction: -Vre cos(be) - Vri cos(bi).

-(Vre cos(be) + Vri cos(bi)).


Tanential Force, FA   mVre cos b e  Vri cos b i 
 The reaction to this force provides the driving thrust on the wheel.


The driving force on wheel FR  mVre cos b e  Vri cos b i 

Power Output of the blade,


Pb  m U Vre cos b e  Vri cos b i 
Diagram Efficiency or Blade efficiency:
Power ouput
d 
Kinetic

Power of inlet steam
m U Vre cos b e  Vri cos bi 
d  
m Vai2
 2U kVri cos b e  Vri cos bi 
d 
Vai2
2UVri k cos b e  cos bi 
d  2
Vai

U
Vai cos a i  U  Vri cos bi
ae ai be bi
Vai cos a i  U
Vae Vai Vri Vri 
Vre cos b i

 cos b e 
2U Vai cos a i  U  k  1
 cos bi 
d  2
Vai
  cos b e 
2U Vai cos a i  U  k  1
 cos bi 
d  2
Vai


U U  
2
 cos b 
d  2 cos a i     k  1
Vai  Vai   cos bi e 
 

Define Blade Speed Ratio, f

 cos b e 
d  2fcos a i  f k  1
 cos bi 
For a given shape of the blade, the efficiency is a strong function of f.

d d
For maximum efficiency: 0
df
 cos b e 
2cos a i  2f  k  1  0
 cos bi 
cos a i
cos a i  2f   0  f 
2
 cos a i  cos b e 
d ,max  2 cos a i cos a i   k  1
 2  cos bi 
  cos b e 
d ,max  f cos a i  k
2 2
 1
 cos bi 
 Impulse-Reaction turbine
• This utilizes the principle of impulse and reaction.
• There are a number of rows of moving blades attached to the
rotor and equal number of fixed blades attached to the casing.
• The fixed blades are set in a reversed manner compared to the
moving blades, and act as nozzles.
• The fixed blade channels are of nozzle shape and there is a
comparatively small drop in pressure accompanied by an
increase in velocity.
• The fluid then passes over the moving blades and, as in the
pure impulse turbine, a force is exerted on the blades by the
fluid.
• There is further drop in pressure as the fluid passes through the
moving blades, since moving blade channels are also of nozzle
shape.
• The relative velocity increases in the moving blades.
 U
ae ai be bi
Vai Vri
Vae Vre

The reaction effect is an addition to impulse effect.

The degree of reaction

The enthalpy drop in the moving blades

 p
The enthalpy drop in the stage
va
vr
 First law for fixed blades:

V12  V02
h0  h1 
2
0 1 2
First law for moving blades:

V r22  Vr21
h1  h2 
2
 U
a2 a1 b2 b1
Va1 Vr1
Va2 Vr2

• If the stream is to enter and leave the blades without shock or much
losses, then relative velocity should be tangential to the blade inlet tip.
• Vr1 should enter at an angle b1, the inlet blade angle.
• Similarly, Vr2 should leave at b2, the exit blade angle.
• In an impulse reaction blade, Vr2 > Vr1.
V r22  Vr21
h1  h2 
2
• The flow velocities between two successive blade at inlet and exit are
Vf1 & Vf2.
• The axial (basic useful) components or whirl velocities at inlet and exit
are Vw1 & Vw2.
 U
a2 a1 b2 b1
Va1 Vr1
Va2 Vr2

Newton’s Second Law for an Impulse-reaction Blade:

The tangential force acting of the jet is:
F = mass flow rate X Change of velocity in the tangential direction

Tangential relative velocity at blade Inlet : Vr1 cos(b2).

Tangential relative velocity at blade exit : -Vr2 cos(b2).

Change in velocity in tangential direction: -Vr2 cos(b2) – Vr1 cos(b1).

-(Vr2 cos(b2) + Vr1 cos(b1)).


Tangential Force, FA   mVr 2 cos b 2  Vr1 cos b1 
 The reaction to this force provides the driving thrust on the wheel.


The driving force on wheel F  mV cos b  V cos b 
R r2 2 r1 1

Power Output of the blade,


Pb  m U Vr 2 cos b 2  Vr1 cos b1 
Diagram Efficiency or Blade efficiency:
Power ouput
d 
Kinetic

Power of inlet steam
m U Vr 2 cos b 2  Vr1 cos b1 
d  
m Va21
 First law for fixed blades:

V12  V02
h0  h1 
2

First law for moving blades:

V r22  Vr21
h1  h2 
2
V12  V02 V r22  Vr21
h0  h2  
2 2

Va21  V02 V r 2  Vr1

2 2

h0  h2  
2 2
 The enthalpy drop in the moving blades

The enthalpy drop in the stage
h1  h2

h0  h2

h1  h2 V r22  Vr21
  2
h0  h2 Va1  V02  V r22  Vr21

   2
Vr 2 2
 V r1  
2
 Va1  V0
2
 
1  

   2
Vr 2  Vr1  2
 a1
V  V 2
 
1  
0
 2U Vr 2 cos b 2  Vr1 cos b1 
d 
Va21

   2
V r 2  V r21   
 Va1  V0
2

1  

Va1 cos a1  U  Vr1 cos b1 Va1 cos a1  U

Vr1 
cos b1

Losses in nozzle, Nozzle blade loss factor, f

Actual absolute inlet velo city Va1

f 
Isoentropi c Velocity at nozzle exit Vn,iso
2U Vr 2 cos b 2  Vr1 cos b1 
stage  2
Vn,iso
   

2 
2Uf  V r 1  
2

 

Va1  V0 cos b 2  Vr1 cos b1 
2 2

  1  
 stage 
Va21
Va1 cos a1  U
Vr1 
cos b1
 2
 Va1 cos a1  U     2  Va1 cos a1  U  
2
2Uf  
cos b1
    
 Va1  V0 cos b 2  
2

cos b1
 cos b1 

   1     

 stage 
Va21
   
2
  
  cos a1 
U
  cos a 
U
 
U 2   V  
 cos b 
2
  
1
2 f   Va1   1   0   cos b 2  
Va1
Va1   cos b1   1     Va1    cos b1  1

     
     
 stage   
Va21

  
2
  
  cos a 
U
  cos a 
U
 
U 2   V  
 cos b 
2
  
1 1
2 f   Va1       b   Va1
  1     Va1  
0
1 cos
Va1   cos b1 2
 cos b1  1

     
     
 stage   
Va21

For a given shape of the blade, the efficiency is a strong function of U/Va1.
d stage
For maximum efficiency: 0
U 
d
V 

 a1 